Architectural History Exam 1 Terms

1925 Int’l Exhibition in Paris

• Designed to highlight new modern style

• Showcase that launched and promoted Art Deco

Adaptive Re-use

• Reuse & renovation of pre-existing structures

• New purpose to an old building

• Not in The Secretary of the Interior's Standards for the Treatment of Historic Properties

Atelier

• A studio

• Typically architecture

Art Nouveau

• “New Art”

• Started in France

• Asymmetry, organic

Caisson

• Watertight retaining structure

• Built into body of water

• Used to pour foundations for bridges

Cast Iron

• Iron that is poured or forged

• Compression Stength

Cenotaph

• Empty tomb or monument

• Built to honor someone or group of people

• Remains are buried in another place or never recovered

Charette

• Intense period of work before deadline (cram)

• Comes from French word “cart”

Chicago School

• Great Chicago Fire of 1871

• Whole city had to be rebuilt

• Fire codes put into place

• Architects & Engineers that produced high rise buildings of Chicago from 1875-1925 (Rebuilt the City)

• Modern skyscraper (steel frames)

Chicago School Window

• One opening that gives ventilation & light

• Three part window with middle panel for light, and side panels for ventilation.

Compressive Strength

• Strength of something to be pushed down

Curtain Wall

• Window system hung from structure

De Stijl

• Dutch art movement

• Engaged space and surface in the same manner

Ferroconcrete

• Concrete & Iron

• Concrete & Steel to give it more tensile strength

Form Follows Function

• Louis Henry Sullivan

• Fundamental design principle

• Shape & structure of building or object should primarily reflect internal purpose

Guastavino (Catalan) Vaulting

• Low profile arched ceiling or roof

• Built with thin, lightweight tiles & fast setting mortar

• No need for temporary wooden support frames

I-beam/ wide flange

• I shaped beam

• Invented by James bogardus

International Style

• Functional design

• Geometric simplicity

• Industrial materials

James Bogardus

Pioneered the use of cast iron in architecture

Lateral Bracing

• Stabilizing wall or beam

• Cross bracing or diagonal bracing

Marche

How a person moves through & experiences a built space over time

Ordonnance / Bienseance / Convenance

Foundational concepts of classical architecture theory

The correct structural composition scaling & arrangement of a building’s parts in relation to the whole

Building’s ornamentation must match civic purpose & social status

Floor plan should be suited to daily rountines

Ornament & Crime

• Essays by Adolf Loos

• Argues that ornamentation should not be on utilitarian objects

• Loos goes as far as attacking tattoos on people

• Pensionnaires

• Architects awarded a fellowship

• Grants them residence @ French Academy in Rome (Villa Medici)

Preservation

• Application of different methods to sustain existing features

• Historical Property

PWA Moderne

• Vertically influenced buildings

• Large, imposing buildings

• Stripped classical form

Reasons to Build Up

• Real Estate Value

• Closer to the city

• First passenger elevator

• Fireproofing

• Use of steel

Reconstruction

• Depicting form, features & detailing of a torn down building

• New construction, recreating the old design

Rehabilitation

• Making compatible use of property

• Repairs, altercations, additions

• Preserve values that show historical architecture & culture

Restoration

• Accurately depicting features as in time period

• Remove features from other time periods

• Add original time period features

Skyscraper Form

• Louis Sullivan looked at skyscrapers as columns

• Base, shaft and capitol

• Used to define different areas of use

Spandrel

• Opaque panel within wall

• Used to block another area

Streamline Moderne

• Smooth angles

• Flowing architecture

• Inspired by modern transportation

Style Moderne

• Also known as Art Deco

• Originated in Paris, 1925

• Sleek curves & horizontal lines

Tensile Strength

• Strength of material being stretched

• The Enlightenment

• Focused on rational, geometric & classical forms

• Rejected heavy ornamentation

• Movement in 1900s

The Industrial Revolution

A period of rapid technological, socioeconomic, and cultural change in the 18th and 19th centuries, characterized by the transition from hand production methods to machine manufacturing, steam power, and factory systems.

Wrought Iron

• Formed & Hammered

• Tensile Strength

Zigzag Moderne

• Zig zag structures

• Sharp, geometric facades often featuring tiered or set back upper levels

• Government contracts