Carcinoma do Ovário e do Endométrio

What is the most common gynecological cancer in Europe?

Carcinoma of the endometrium.

What is the incidence trend of endometrial carcinoma?

It has been increasing, especially due to an aging population and obesity.

What has caused the decrease in mortality from endometrial carcinoma?

Due to early diagnosis.

What is the 5-year survival rate for endometrial carcinoma in Northern Europe?

83%.

What percentage of endometrial carcinoma cases present as localized disease at diagnosis?

70%.

What symptom is often indicative of endometrial carcinoma in postmenopausal women?

Vaginal bleeding.

What type of endometrial carcinoma is generally related to prolonged exposure to increased estrogen?

Type I endometrial carcinoma, specifically endometrioid adenocarcinomas.

Which type of endometrial carcinoma is usually independent of estrogen levels?

Type II endometrial carcinoma, including serous and clear cell carcinomas.

List two risk factors for endometrial carcinoma.

Obesity and late menopause.

What is the impact of tamoxifen on endometrial carcinoma risk?

It can increase the risk due to its agonistic effect on the endometrium.

How does diabetes mellitus relate to endometrial carcinoma?

It is a condition associated with elevated estrogen levels, increasing the risk.

What hereditary syndrome is known to increase the risk of endometrial carcinoma?

Lynch syndrome.

What is the recommended screening for women with Lynch syndrome?

Annual endometrial biopsy.

When is screening for endometrial carcinoma not recommended?

In women without increased risk factors, as evidence shows no mortality benefit.

What are the key prognostic factors for endometrial carcinoma?

Stage, histological type, tumor grade, lymphovascular invasion, molecular group, and age.

What grading system is commonly used in endometrial carcinoma staging?

The FIGO/TNM classification system.

What is the primary treatment for stage I/II endometrial carcinoma?

Surgical intervention.

What is the typical surgical procedure for early-stage endometrial carcinoma?

Total hysterectomy with bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy.

What is essential for determining further treatment after surgery in advanced endometrial carcinoma?

Risk classification based on staging and molecular characteristics.

What percentage of advanced-stage endometrial carcinoma patients typically experience recurrence?

About 20%.

What is the primary treatment for advanced ovarian carcinoma?

Cytoreductive surgery followed by chemotherapy.

How many new cases of ovarian carcinoma are diagnosed annually worldwide?

Approximately 239,000 cases.

What is a significant challenge in the diagnosis of ovarian carcinoma?

There are no effective screening options available.

What genetic mutations are major risk factors for ovarian carcinoma?

BRCA1 and BRCA2 mutations.

What is the recommended action for women with BRCA mutations after their fertile years?

Risk-reducing surgeries.

What does the term 'high-grade serous carcinoma' refer to?

A common and aggressive subtype of ovarian carcinoma.

What is the importance of cytoreductive surgery in ovarian carcinoma treatment?

It aims to remove all visibly detectable tumor tissue.

How does the presence of residual disease after surgery affect prognosis?

Residual macroscopic disease is associated with poorer overall survival.

What is the role of PARP inhibitors in the management of ovarian carcinoma?

They are used in maintenance therapy for patients with BRCA mutations.

What type of therapeutic approach is utilized for recurrent ovarian carcinoma?

Palliative care focusing on quality of life.