Chapter 11 - The auditory & Vestibular Systems

The auditory and visual cortex what eachother?

mimic

sense of hearing

audition

changes in air pressure from env.

sound

what is the path of the auditory cortex starting with auditory receptors in cochlea?

Auditory receptors in cochlea --> Brain stem neurons --> MGN --> Auditory cortex

What is the path of the visual cortex starting with the the photoreceptors in the eyes

Photoreceptors in eye --> other retinal neurons --> LGN --> Visual cortex

sense of balance

Vestibular system

Distance between successive compressed patches of air

Cycle

Number of cycles per second expressed in hertz (Hz)

Sound frequency

What range of audible sounds can humans hear?

20 hz to 20,000 hz

high pitch =

high frequency

low pitch =

low frequency

high intensity is louder than?

low intensity

Low intensity has what type of waves on the y axis?

small

High intensity has what type of waves on y axis?

large

where do sound waves enter in the ear?

auditory canal

what do sound waves hit once they enter the auditory canal?

Tympanic membrane

What makes ear wax?

Ceruminous glands

What are the three structures of the external ear?

Pinna, auditory canal, and tympanic membrane

What separates the outer and inner ear?

Tympanic membrane

The middle ear is a chamber filled with what?

air

What are the three structures of the inner ear?

Eustachian tube, ossicles, and oval window

What are the three bones of the ossicles?

malleus, incus, stapes

What does the oval window do?

moves fluid in cochlea

The ossicles does what?

amplification

What are the three functions of the attenuation reflux?

adapts to loud sounds, protects inner ear, and understand speech better

Loud sound causes tensor tympani and stapedius muscle contraction

The attenuation reflux

The inner ear bony labyrinth consists of what three structures?

Cochlea, vestibule, and semicircular canals

All nerves in the ear leave through where?

Auditory vestibular nerve