PSYC 3083 - Exam 1

Eysench's research

1952, led to debates on ineffectiveness of counseling; more recent research has proved it beneficial

Important elements within the client for positive therapy outcomes

readiness for change, access to social support, psychological resources

evidence based practices

therapy methods that have a background in research; therapists use their expertise to understand client's situation and effective treatment

purposes of ethical codes

- protect consumers and professional standing

- make a statement about maturity and professional identity

- make a statement about maturity and professional identity

- guide professionals toward certain behaviors

- framework for ethical decision process

a defense against malpractice

limitations to ethical codes

- they do not address or give clear answers to all issues

- conflicts occur within the code, etc

- difficult to enforce

- public interest is not involved

integrative approach to counseling

therapist develops a core theory by integrating elements of different theories into their approach; stages include chaos, coalescence, multiplicity, and metatheory

chaos

Limited knowledge of theory and involves moment to moment subhjective judgements; limited help to clients

coalescence

Drift toward adherence to one approach, but begin to use some techniques from others

multiplicity

Learn one theory thoroughly and begin to gain solid knowledge on other theories

metatheory

Thought-through approach that defines the theoretical nature of the therapists work; incorperates a number of different elements from many theories

fourth force

the best practice for culturally competent counseling; includes the knowledge to work with wide range of clients, know how theories may have a negative impact on some, and the cultural encapsulation of theories

steps to Corey's model of decision making

- identify problem

- identify potential issues

- review ethical guidelines

- know laws and regulations

- obtain consultation

- consider possible actions

- enumerate consequences of various decisions

- decide on best course of action

culturally competent counseling

the ability to gather positive clinical outcomes in cross-cultural encounters

Kitchner's moral model

autonomy, nonmalefience, benefience, justice, fidelity, and veracity

autonomy

Respecting client's right to self determination and freedom of choice

nonmalefience

Assuring you do no harm

benefience

Promoting the wellbeing of others and of society

justice

Providing equal and fair treatment to all people and being nondiscrimatory

fidelity

Being loyal and faithful to your commitments in the helping relationship

veracity

Dealing honestly with the client; genuineness

Charcot

His support legitimizes hypnosis as treatment for hysteria; freud visited him in Paris

William Fliess

nose surgery can be used to treat neurotic disorders from sexual frustration; worked with freud //

Jung, Adler, and Rank

mentored by freud

Freud's view of human nature

deterministic, rejected divine explanation, humans are motivated by drives

deterministic

our personalities are framed at very young ages and are difficult to change

Id

"it" ; primitive mind; consciously motivates all of our behaviors and is fueled by pleasure principle

Ego

"I" ; the largely executive and conscious reality principle; find socially acceptable ways of meeting the needs of the id

Superego

controls id; internalization of morals and beliefs

Life instinct

eros; meets the needs for heart, intimacy sex and survival

Death instinct

thanatos; unconscious seeking out demise; projected through fear, hate, etc.,

Libido

psychological energy that drives life and death instincts

defense mechanisms

the ego's protective methods of reducing anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality

denial

A defense mechanism that involves forceful refusal to acknowledge an emotionally painful memory

sublimation

defense mechanism that involves channeling or refocusing of unacceptable impulses into socially acceptable forms of behavior

displacement

a defense mechanism that involves redirecting an unacceptable impulse to a more acceptable object/person

projection

defense mechanism that attributes unacceptable qualities in others that the individual actually has

reaction formation

a defense mechanism that the replacing/conversion of an unacceptable impulse into an acceptable one

unconscious

the more primitive mind, true motivator of underlying desires and wants, driven by instincts stored in the id, and the vast portion of all that motivates behavior

transference

a client projecting feelings, thoughts, and attitudes onto the therapists as if they were someone else

counter-transference

an emotional reaction of the therapist that reflects the therapist's inner needs and conflicts onto their patient

resistance

signals a client is close to dealing with an issue; analysts interpret this to assist clients with dealing with a threatening issue

freud's psychosexual stages

oral stage, anal stage, phallic stage, latency stage, genital stage

oral stage

0-18 months, pleasure from the mouth (biting, sucking, etc); overindulged children become needy and demanding adults

oral aggressive personality

occurs when children have problems with teething become verbally aggressive, argumentative, and sarcastic

anal stage

18-36 months, pleasure focuses on bowel and bladder elimination and its conflicting with pleasing parents

anal expulsive

lenience in potty training in which individuals become messy, careless, and defiant

anal retention

faced with punishment during potty training; stubborn, perfectionist individuals

phallic stage

3-6yrs, pleasurable genital sensations; the unconscious desire to possess parent of the opposite sex

oedipus complex

a boy's sexual desires toward his mother and feelings of jealousy and hatred for the rival father

electra complex

the unconscious desire of girls to replace their mother and win their father's romantic love

latency stage

6-puberty, dormant sexual feelings-- repressed libido --, energy is put into appropriate peer relationships

genital stage

puberty-, the resurgence of sexuality

early experiences

experiences occurring very early in development, believed by some to have lasting effects

efficacy of psychoanalysis

difficult to measure, effective with personality disorders, not helpful for unsuccessful long term treatment

parapraxes

errors in speech/behaviors that reveal unconscious meanings that are symbolic of repressed desires (jokes, satire, misspellings, etc)

free association

an individual sheds the cognitive restraints such that they feel free to associate with any thought available

realistic anxiety

anxiety based on reality

moral anxiety

originating from the superego; doing something perceived as wrong, the ego must be told it is unacceptable

neurotic anxiety

related to the Id, the fear the id will take over and cause harm or chaos

Otto rank

split from freud, focused on present, free will, egalitarian relationships, self direction; inspired rogers

rousseau

people are inherently good, inspired rogers

John dewey and Soren kierkegaard

influenced the work of rogers

actualizing tendency

Roger's PCT theory that an individual's striving to reach their full potential

Roger's view of human nature

reality is subjunctive, we are the only ones to experience our reality; we have free will

core qualities of a PCT therapist

- therapeutic allience

- congruence

- unconditional positive regard

- empathy

congruent

to be genuine and in touch with one's self

Q-sort technique

measures the reduction in the gap between client's self concept and their ideal self

conditions of worth

the conditions a person must meet in order to regard himself or herself positively; normally comes from a significant other; response to worth can potentially lead to a false sense of self

most critical factor of PCT

the therapeutic alliance

organismic valuing process

the tendency to move towards experiences that are positive for the actualization process

congruent identity

develops when self-concept aligns with true feelings, experiences, and OVP; being authentic and living for self

What is PCT's view on spirituality?

Spirituality plays a large role in an individual's self discovery and healing which is welcomed by this technique

Cases in which PCT is contraindicated

Severe mental health issues, extreme depression, personality disorders; cases in which individuals need to be guided

Cases in which PCT is efficaious

Self esteem issues, identity exploration, mild-moderate anxiety + depression, and personal growth; self-awareness

Lower level empathetic response

Verbal and behavioral expressions do not attent to or detract significantly from verbal and behavioral expressions

Upper level empathetic response

Responses add signficiantly to the feeling and meaning of the expressions in ways that are fully present in deepest moments

How should angry feelings towards a client be resolved?

Rogers believes that feelings should be acknowledged internally and not acted upon in order to maintain unconditional positive regard and empathy

Locus of control

a person's tendency to perceive the control of rewards as internal to the self or external in the environment

Origin of anxiety (rogers)

Rogers believes that anxiety is rooted in incongruence from one's self ~ the disconnect between self concept and true experiences

Radical behaviorists

No belief in mentalistic concepts, everything is conditioned, individuals are just born and do not have free choice

Modern behaviorists

Anti deterministic, knows the importance of genetics and biology, cognitions can be conditioned, conditioning is a complex process

Watson

Father of behaviorism, baby Albert study ~ conditioned to fear white rats which became generalized to all fluffy objects

Bandura

Social/observational learning, bobo doll experiment ~ children modeled the aggressive behaviors towards the dolls

Skinner

operant conditioning - reinforcement and punishment, skinner's box, believed free will was an illusion

Shaping

Systematically reinforce certain behaviors to a goal

Successive approximation

Behaviors tend to repeat itself until systematically reinforced as a learned behavior

Chaining

each step of a sequence must be learned and must lead to the next until the final action is achieved

Extinction

the diminishing of a conditioned response; occurs in classical conditioning when an unconditioned stimulus (US) does not follow a conditioned stimulus (CS); occurs in operant conditioning when a response is no longer reinforced

Generalization

the tendency, once a response has been conditioned, for stimuli similar to the conditioned stimulus to elicit similar responses

Classical conditioning

Unconditioned stimulus paired with a neutral stimulus to form a conditioned stimulus equaling a conditioned response

Operant conditioning

Schedule of reinforcement/punishment to influenced behavior

Observational (social) learning

Observing behavior then modeling it

Positive reinforcement

Increasing behavior by presenting a positive stimuli

Negative reinforcement

the reinforcement of a response by the removal, escape from, or avoidance of an unpleasant stimulus

Positive punishment

the administration of a stimulus to decrease the probability of a behavior's recurring

Negative punishment

Something good is taken away as a means to decrease probability of a behavior

What must occur for modeling to occur effectively?

- client is attentive to model being offered

- client remembers details of the model

- client must be capable of repeating model

- motivated to repeat model

Ratio schedule

based on number of responses (fixed or variable)

Fixed

Consistent and predictable

Variable

Random, unpredictable