CONGENITAL HEART DEFECTS

Ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Left-to-right shunt causing pulmonary overload and murmur.

Atrial septal defect (ASD)

Left-to-right shunt; often asymptomatic early.

Tetralogy of Fallot

Four defects: VSD, pulmonary stenosis, overriding aorta, RV hypertrophy.

Patent ductus arteriosus (PDA)

Persistent shunt from aorta to pulmonary artery after birth.

Coarctation of the aorta

Narrowing of aorta; upper extremity hypertension.

Congenital cyanotic defects

Cause mixing of deoxygenated and oxygenated blood.

Congenital acyanotic defects

Cause increased pulmonary flow without cyanosis.

Surgical correction

Often required to prevent HF and pulmonary hypertension.

Murmur assessment

Turbulent flow sound; note timing, intensity, and location.

Pediatric sign of CHF

Poor feeding and failure to thrive due to fatigue.