Popular Music In Global Perspective

Origins of Jazz

orchestral big band dance and improvised jazz

Elements of Jazz

• Strong anchoring rhythm section 

• Emphasis on the off beat 

• Riffs 

• Dynamic movement of roles 

Structure Of Jazz

Corus song structure with themed courses and courses with improvised solos. 

Context of Jazz

• Racial Segregation 

• Thirst for Dance: Forgetting WW2

• Stock market crash 

• Depression 

• Dance halls became less used radio took over as the main medium

Louis Armstrong

• Regarded as one of the first great Virtuoso Jazz improvisers 

• Preformed in Jo King Oliver’s Jazz band 

• Luis Armstrong met fletcher Henderson and invited him to move to New York and play in his band

• Birth of swing

• Incinerates big band with jazz improvisation 

New York 1924

• Emerging of the black Middle Class

• Harlem Renaissance: Focus on African American culture (intellectual, social)

Duke Ellington

• Born in DC to a middle-class house 

• Born in 1920s

• Pianist and band leader 

• Got together all the best musicians in his orchestra

• Preforming at classsical level 

• Would not be put on radio due to racism 

• Refined Jazz

• Played at the Cotten club 

• The cotter club was owned by a gangster who liked to have Black musicians play 

Benny Goodman 

• Born in 1909 in Chicago 

• Colour blind 

• King of swing 

• Got radio airplay 

• Played on the radio jazz section

• 1935 would undergo a national tour with an all white orchestra due to race issues 

• Worlds first youth culture 

Count Basie 

• Wrote music improvising in films 

• Brought the swing music down to the level of the bass

• Gives us a sense of flotation 

• Responsible for swing 

• Continues to refine swing

Billy Holiday

• Jazz singer 

• Uses lots of expression in singing 

WW2 in Jazz

• USA Embraces swing and harness its popularity 

• Glenn Miller 

• 1942, Miller released his music could serve 

• Joins the army as a band leader and brings Jazz to the army and the world

• Plane gets lost over the Englesh Chanel 

NAZI Swing 

• Harnessed swing for their propaganda 

• Charlie and his orchestra produced covers of Glenn Millers work 

After world war 2 in Jazz

• Aging audience did not want to dance so much so swing had to hop onto the radio and needs to downsize 

• Rock bands are challenging Jazz

• Swing moved from being realy hyper textured to refined vocal music in cinema and radio

• Harry Connick Jr brings swing back to a new generation 1989

• Rock and disco caused swing to disappear 

• Michael Bublé

• Robbie Williams

• Lady Gaga 

• Endured for 100 years

Bringing together of new or liens Jazz from Luis armstrong mixed with the highly organised big band music of fletcher Henderson 

• Luis Armstrong 

• Fletcher Henderson

• Count Cassie 

• Billy holiday 

Context of Calypso music

• 1492: Cristopher Columbus crosses the Atlantic ocean.

• Portuguese and Spanish ships began infrastructure in south America

• Lead to slavery causing the natives to nearly become extinct 

• Slaves where brought from Africa, and Indentured Laborers where brought from China and India

• Franch influence within the Christian Shrovetide (Cannavale)

Calipso origins

• Kaiso (to go on)

• Calypsonian is the vocal leader

• This tradition stems from the griot tradition of west Africa

  • Storytelling through stylized vocal improvisation

  • Toasting

  • Leads to the development of rap

• Forms part of the carnival festival season

• Use of call and response

• West African drumming forms the western basis

• Stick dancers also forms a rhythmic basis

 

• Involves two vocalists trying to outwit each other  by the way they are raping

Calypsonians

• Rafael de Leon 'Roaring Lion'

• Mighty Sparrow 'Slinger Francisco'

 

Road March Winner: Calypsonian King (award)

Femail Calypsonian

• Calipso King was one by a woman

• Renamed to the Calipso Monarch

 

• Calypso Rose: Calypso Queen 

 

• Singing Francine: used calypso music to empower women to leave domestic violent relationships

• Females Dominated the genre from the late 1970's onwards

Elements of calipso

• Call and response

• African Drum rhythms

Later context of Calipso

• Swing influences Calipso

• Chinese and Japanese music is adopted

• Later western music takes from Calipso music

Soca Music

• Would develop as an offshoot

• Amps up the west African rhythms

• Also includes chutney music

• New advances in studio production 

• More instrumental

• Vocal line is more percussive

• More electronic with some acoustic instruments showing Jazz influences

Jamaica

• Jamaican Calypso / Folk song (Mento)

• Developed in 1930 form popular Calipso music

• Home made instruments

• Mento uses only acoustic instruments

• Evolves to reggae music

• Tells story with words

• Influenced from west African traditions

Ska

• Embraced American music and technology

• Music that mover from Rural music to city music

• Fully instrumental

• Modern instruments

• Skank, off beat syncopation

• Walking bass line is present like in Jazz

• Improvisations

• Faster tempo

Rock Steady

• Developed from Ska Music

• Vocal less music gave DJs the ability to bring back toasting or Rapping

• Developed into Rude Boy Culture: dissatisfaction towards Jamaica's social economic system

Reggae

 

• 1970's

• Grater social and economic decline

• Trenchtown for Geto Culture that would lead to Reggae

• Influences from RNB Sole and technological advances

• Bob Marly

Bob Marly

• Influenced by Rastafarianism

• Criticism on social and political system in Jamacia

International Reggae

• Youth Yindi

• Desert reggae

Reggaeton

• Originated in Puerto Rico

• Additional influence of  Hip hop Latin American merengue and Urbano music