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The Scientific Method helps to answer questions about the ___ world

Natural

What are the steps in the scientific method?

Observation, Hypothesis, Controlled experiment, Conclusion or Theory (Obviously, Happy Children Can Think)

What does Qualitative mean? What does Quantitative mean?

Qualitative (quality): Descriptions without numbers

Quantitative (quantity): Descriptions with numbers

What is the Independent Variable vs. Dependent Variable?

IV: The thing I change, x-axis

DV: The thing I measure, y-axis

What is a Control Group? What is an Experimental Group?

Control group: The group that stays the same

Experimental group: The group that changes

What happens when a Conclusion or Theory supports the hypothesis vs. doesnt?

If it does, you accept it. If it doesn’t, you start over

Water is a ___

Universal solvent

What is the chemical formula of water? What holds it together?

H2O, hydrogen bonds

What allows water to stick to other charged substances?

The positive and negative sides (hydrogen and oxygen)

What is it called when water sticks to other things vs. itself?

Adhesion vs. Cohesion

What does “high specific heat” mean in terms of water?

It can absorb a lot of energy without increasing its own temperature

What does “perspire” mean?

To sweat

/What is metabolism? What is homeostasis?

Metabolism: The chemical reactions inside of an organism

Homeostasis: the ability of an organism to maintain a stable body temperature

What are substances with a pH below 7 called? Above 7? Neutral?

Acids, Bases, and Neutral Solutions

What does the pH scale measure?

The amount of hydrogen ions (H+) in a solution

The lower the pH balance, the ___ the amount of H+ present

Higher

What are macromolecules?

Large polymers (poly = many) that are made up of monomers (mono = one)

What are carbohydrates?

The only macro. used for energy, a fancy word for sugar. Made up of monosaccharides.

What is the most important sugar? What is the formula?

Glucose, C6H12O6

What are Lipids?

The only macro. used to store energy and provide insulation, made up of fatty acids

What are Proteins?

The only macro. to speed up chem. reactions and provides structure and support, made up of amino acids

What are Nucleic Acids?

The only macro. that transmits heredity information (DNA + RNA), made up of nucleotides

Enzymes are biological ___. What do they (enzymes) do?

Catalysts, speed up chem. reactions and regulate metabolism

Enzymes only work if the substrates fit. What are substrates?

The things that can fit into the enzymes active site

How do enzymes speed up chem. reactions?

By lowering activation energy

What is activation energy? What happens when its smaller vs. bigger?

The amount of energy required to start a chem. reaction, slower if bigger, faster if smaller

What did microscopes do for scientists?

Allowed then to discover cells and cell structures

How do you determine Total Magnification

Multiply the eyepiece ( always 10x) by the objective lens (changes)

How do you make a wet-mount slide?

Placing the cover slip at a 45* angle to prevent air bubbles

Who invented the microscope? What was he the first to do?

Robert Hooke, use the word “cell”, created the cell theory

What is the Cell theory?

1. All living things are made up of cells

2. Cells are the basic units of structure and function of life

3. Cells can only come from pre-existing cells

What is the lowest unit of life that can perform metabolism?

Cells

What are Prokaryotic cells vs. Eukaryotic cells?

Prokaryotes: Simple, small, lacking a nucleus. ONLY example is bacteria

Eukaryotes: Complex, large, include a nucleus and organelles. Examples are everything else

What are the parts of a cell and what do they do?

1. NUCLEUS:
This
is
the
control
center
 of
the
cell.
It
contains
the
cell’s
DNA
 and
controls
the cell’s
metabolism
and
homeostasis.

2. MITOCHONDRIA:
This
is
the
power
plant
of
the
cell.
The
cell’s
energy supply
(ATP)
is
made
here
via CELLULAR
RESPIRATION.

3. RIBOSOMES:
These
are
the
sites
of protein
synthesis
for
the
cell.

4. GOLGI
APPARATUS:
This
is
the
post office
of
the
cell.
It
packages
and
 exports
materials
in
and
around
the cell.

5. ENDOPLASMIC
RETICULUM:

There
 are
two
kinds:
smooth
and
rough.

 Both
help
to
move
things
around
the
cell.
They
work
like
a
system
of
roads in
the
cell.

6. LYSOSOMES:
These
are
the
garbage cans
of
the
cell.

They break down waste.

7. CHLOROPLAST:
This
is
found
in
plants
and
is
the
site
of photosynthesis.

   1. CELL
WALL:
This
is
a
rigid
layer
found
on
the
outside
of
plant
 cells.

It
gives
plant
cells
their
unique
rectangular
shape. The parts of a cell include the nucleus, mitochondria, ribosomes, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum, lysosomes, chloroplasts, cell wall, and cell membrane, each performing specific functions such as controlling cell activities, producing energy, synthesizing proteins, and maintaining homeostasis.

8. CELL
MEMBRANE:
This
surrounds
all
cells.
It
maintains
 homeostasis
by
controlling
what
can
enter
and
leave
the
cell

What makes up the cellular membrane?

Two layers of phospholipids; the p (←) layer has a polar head (hydrophobic) and two non-polar tails (hydroliphic)

What enters and leave the cell membrane?

Food and raw materials must be able to enter, waste must leave

How does transport happen in and out of the CM?

Spontaneously or with the input of energy (ATP)

What are the two types of transport?

Passive transport: Moves substances from high → low without energy

Active transport: Moves substances from high → low with energy (endocytosis and exocytosis)

What are the three types of passive transport?

Diffusion: Moving substances from high → low concentration

Osmosis: Moving water from high → low concentration

Facilitated diffusion: Moving substances from high → low with the help of a transport protein

What two processes allow cells to use and make energy?

Cellular respiration and photosynthesis.

What is cellular respiration? What type of organisms use it? What is the input and output? Where does it happen?

The process that turns sugar (glucose) into usable energy (ATP), heterotrophs (cannot make their own food), takes in glucose and oxygen, releases carbon dioxide and ATP, happens in mitochondria

What is photosynthesis? What type of organisms use it? What is the input and output? Where does it happen?

A process that converts light energy from the sun into food for plants, autotrophs (can make their own food), takes in CO and sunlight, releases oxygen and glucose, happens in chloroplasts

What is DNA composed of? What do the nucleotides each bond with? What does it make possible?

A double helix with 2 complementary strands, Adenine-Thymine, Guanine-Cytosine, DNA replication and protein synthesis

Why and how does DNA replication happen?

When DNA needs to divide, the hydrogen bonds are weak, so they" “unzip” and the two originals become new daughter strands

What is the process of transcription? What does A now pair with?

DNA → Messenger RNA (mRNA) → leaves the nucleus, Uracil

What is the process of Translation?

mRNA → ribosomes (protein synthesis site)

What structures are DNA packed into? How many do humans have?

Chromosomes, 46, and packed into 23 pairs in total.

What is the process of cell division called? What are the stages?

Mitosis: Prophase (two sides) → Metaphase (lined up) → Anaphase (split apart) → Telophase (divided) (PMAT — it’s just funny)

What is the study of heredity? What are alleles? Who crossed peas to develop the genetic theory?

Genetics, one of two or more alt. forms of a specific gene, Gregor Mendel

What are the types of Alleles?

Dominant — Capital

recessive — lowercase

What is a genotype vs. a phenotype?

Geno — The genes (homozygous (same size) or heterozygous (opposites))

Pheno — The physical traits

How can you use parental genetics to determine the offspring? What is a monohybrid cross?

Punnett squares, crossing two pure parents (like TT and tt)

What are the 6 kingdoms of life?

1. Archaebacteria:
Prokaryotic
organisms
that
are
only found
in
extreme
environments.

2. Eubacteria:
Single‐celled,
prokaryotic
organisms
that
can
cause
sickness
(Example:
streptococcus
&
salmonella)

3. Protist:
Single‐celled,
eukaryotic
organisms
that
can be
either
heterotrophic
(protozoa)
or
autotrophic (algae).

4. Fungi:
Multicellular
eukaryotic
organisms
with
cell
 walls
composed
of
chitin.
These
organisms
are
external
digesters
(heterotrophic).

5. Plant:
Multicellular
eukaryotic
autotrophs
with
cell
 walls
composed
of
cellulose

6. Animal: Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs that do not have cell walls

What is the Taxonomic ranking system?

Kingdom (most broad) → Phylum → Class → Order → Family → Genus → Species (most specific)

What does “binomial nomenclature” mean?

The Latin naming system for an organism based on its genus and species

What is evolution?

The process in which species change over time

What is natural selection?

Offspring with certain traits successfully survive and reproduce

What is speciation?

The process in which new species arrive

What are the two factors that lead to speciation?

Geographic Isolation: The separation of species by geographic barriers

Reproductive Isolation: Isolation without the presence of a physical barrier

What is a species?

A group of individuals that can interbreed and produce offspring

What are the three main evidences for evolutions?

Fossils: The layers of rock determine the relative age of a fossil; the oldest fossils are farther down while the youngest fossils are at the top (principle of superstition)

Anatomy: homologous structures show they have a common ancestor

Biochemistry: Similar DNA means they’re closely related

What are homologous vs. analogous structures?

Homo: Bone structures look similar, share a common ancestor (divergent evolution)

Ana: Different structures that perform similar functions, changes due to environment, no common ancestor (convergent evolution)