Infection Control and Transmissible Diseases Flashcards

Vocabulary flashcards covering transmissible diseases, infection control protocols, viral hepatitis, herpesviruses, HPV, HIV/AIDS, and MRSA based on Chapter 5 of Clinical Practice of the Dental Hygienist.

Standard Precautions

The minimum standard of care to protect dental healthcare providers (DHCPs) and prevent transmission between themselves and patients, applying to all patients and procedures involving blood, saliva, all body fluids except sweat, broken skin, and mucous membranes.

Transmission Based Precautions

Infection control precautions used in addition to standard precautions, which include droplet, contact, airborne, and sharps precautions.

Infectious Disease Transmission Chain

The required sequence of six essential events for the spread of an infectious agent: infectious agent, reservoir, port of exit, mode of transmission, port of entry, and susceptible host.

Droplet Nuclei

Tiny airborne particles measuring $< 5\,\mu\text{m}$ that can be inhaled deep into the lungs.

Droplets

Airborne particles measuring $5$ to $100\,\mu\text{m}$ that are inhaled into the upper respiratory tract.

Spatter

Airborne particles measuring $100$ to $200\,\mu\text{m}$ that are inhaled into the oropharynx, or large particles $> 200\,\mu\text{m}$ that land on the face and eyes without being inhaled.

HAV (Hepatitis A Virus)

A viral hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated food or water, close contact, or sexual contact, with an incubation period of $15$ to $50$ days (average $28$ days).

HBV (Hepatitis B Virus)

A viral hepatitis transmitted through percutaneous, mucosal, or nonintact skin exposure to blood and body fluids, sexual contact, perinatal, shared injection drug equipment, or contaminated sharps, with an average incubation period of $90$ days ($60$ to $150$ days) and a preventative vaccine.

HCV (Hepatitis C Virus)

A viral hepatitis transmitted through exposure to blood and body fluids, sexual contact, perinatal, shared drug equipment, contaminated sharps, or tattooing needles, which remains infectious on inanimate objects for $7$ days.

HDV (Hepatitis D Virus)

A viral hepatitis that only occurs as a coinfection or superinfection with HBV, transmitted via blood and body fluids, sexual contact, perinatal, shared drug equipment, or contaminated sharps.

HEV (Hepatitis E Virus)

A viral hepatitis transmitted via the fecal-oral route through ingestion of contaminated food or water, with an incubation period of $15$ to $60$ days (average $40$ days) and a vaccine available in China.

Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis

The primary viral infection caused by HHV-1 (HSV-1), which affects $50\%$ to $90\%$ of people worldwide.

Varicella-Zoster Virus (HHV-3)

The herpesvirus whose primary infection causes chicken pox and whose reactivation causes herpes zoster infection (shingles).

Epstein-Barr Virus (HHV-4)

The herpesvirus that causes primary infectious mononucleosis and remains latent, manifesting as oral hairy leukoplakia in individuals with HIV and severe immunosuppression.

Cytomegalovirus (HHV-5)

A herpesvirus transmitted by direct contact with infected body fluids, sexual contact, transplants, and blood transfusions, causing severe disease in immunocompromised individuals and infants infected in utero.

Roseola Infantum

A primary viral infection occurring in $100\%$ of humans by age $3$, caused by HHV-6B or HHV-7, also known as exanthem subitem or sixth disease.

Kaposi's Sarcoma-Associated Herpesvirus (HHV-8)

A sexually transmitted herpesvirus whose primary sites of viral shedding and transmission are the oral mucosa and saliva.

Low-Risk HPV Types 6 and 11

Human papillomavirus types associated with benign squamous cell papilloma of the tongue, palate, and lips.

High-Risk HPV Types

Oncogenic human papillomavirus types associated with cervical, vaginal, penile, anal, rectal, and oropharyngeal cancers.

Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)

Stage 3 of HIV infection characterized by severe immune system weakening and the presence of opportunistic infections.

Paradoxical IRIS

A form of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) characterized by the worsening of an existing infection.

Unmasking IRIS

A form of immune reconstitution inflammatory syndrome associated with antiretroviral therapy (ART) characterized by the appearance of a new infection.

Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

A resistant, difficult-to-treat strain of S. aureus endemic in hospitals and institutions that is transmitted via direct and indirect contact.