PLAN 101 Midterm 1 UNC

Megacity

Megacity

City with more than 10 million people

global city (world city)

Urban settlements that play an especially important role in global business services; Center of the flow of information and capital; Divided into alpha, beta, and gamma; New York City and London two dominant

Specialization of Labor

The division of labor that aids the development of skills in a particular type of work

Neolithic Revolution

(10,000 - 8,000 BCE) The development of agriculture and the domestication of animals as a food source. This led to the development of permanent settlements and the start of civilization.

Industrialization

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale.

urban sociology

a subfield of sociology that examines social relationships and political and economic structures in the city

Urbanization

Changes resulting from people moving into cities and other densely populated areas

micropolitan area

a small city (between 10,000 and 50,000 people) located beyond congested metropolitan areas

metropolitan area

A large population center and adjacent communities, with a high degree of economic and social integration

Megaregion

a merging of megacities and nearby populated areas into an even larger mass of people

urban geography

Significance of the city's location and natural resources

ecological vs critical urban theory

Ecological-Location and resources (natural processes explain the development of cities); critical urban theory as an answer to that that says decision making in economic/political areas impact cities economically, politically, socially, and physically

culture

basic beliefs, values, and technology that characterize a city in a particular historical era. Any city reproduces and intensifies its own culture

steinberg's contradictions

attachment/mobility; memory/forgetting; uniting/dividing; human/natural

sunbelt

The southern and southwestern states, from the Carolinas to California, characterized by warm climate and recently, rapid population growth

suburban

An area surrounding a metropolitan center, with a comparatively low population density.

developing country

A country that is at a relatively early stage in the process of economic development

civitas

greek for civilization

division of labor/specialization

Division of work into a number of separate tasks to be performed by different workers; allows for increased skill level and overall improvement of the society

Egalitarianism

the belief that all people should have equal political, economic, social, and civil rights

Caste

a rigid and hereditary social class

productive surplus

the production of a food surplus to enable some people to engage in pursuits other than farming, such as arts, crafts, and science

Capital

money for investment

Childe's early cities

Larger than neolithic villages, large amount of peasants; agricultural surplus was given to divine kings to be concentrated; public works are the symbol of these surpluses. Surplus allowed for science, art, math to develop and for some people to not work manually. Overall, provided security unseen before

Divine Kings

Political and religious doctrine of royal and political legitimacy, asserts that a monarch is subject to no earthly authorities deriving the right to rule directly from the will of God

Mesopotamian city-states

Babylon, Sumer, Ur, Uruk, Kish

social power

The degree of influence that an individual or organization has among their peers and within their society as a whole.

Jericho and Catal Huyuk

Two well-known Neolithic communities

Urbanization in Sub-saharan Africa, Egypt, Americas

Cities develop around religious centers

Indus Mohenjo-Daro

Had what seemed to be a middle class, incredibly varied industry, sanitation systems; one of the most advanced ancient cities

China: Liangzhou/Zhengzhou

Walls separated the political and religious elite from the commoners, first example of separating the population rather than having a single urban center

Rome

Urban civilization based off of militaristic power; expression of excess, massive monuments built in the Roman forum

Athens-Agora, Acropolis, Democracy

Agora-market, also used for socialization; acropolis-hilltop of all the most important buildings

Plato's Ideal City (Mumford)

Kallipolis, justice is that everyone has a specific role and fulfills this role to make the city run as smoothly as possible.

Medieveal European Urbanization-Bourgeoisie

Middle class that developed based off of trade and later industrialization

Urban Revolutions/Demographic Transitions

Rapid changes in population to urban settings; more wealth, innovation, efficiency

Major London Themes

Trade, immigration, slums, gentrification

Mississippians, Cahokia

City that was the center of Mississippian culture, large man made mounds to serve as homes

Mercantilism

An economic policy under which nations sought to increase their wealth and power by obtaining large amounts of gold and silver and by selling more goods than they bought

Colonial Government/Planning Ideals: Savannah, Philadelphia, Boston

Close to bodies of water, centers of commerce for the British empire

National Road/Erie Canal

- Infrastructure improvements made that allowed easier ways to trade through the eastern/midwestern areas of the US
- Erie Canal = man made canal connecting the Atlantic Ocean (Hudson River in NY) to the Great Lakes

Jefferson

Believed that America was to be an agricultural nation, that cities corrupted the people

Industrialization/Factory System

Development of indsturies/factories, changing the economic landscape of the development area

mass transportation

expansion of railroads and streetcars, subways, middle-class could live somewhere nice and commute to work

Central Business District (CBD)

The downtown or nucleus of a city where retail stores, offices, and cultural activities are concentrated; building densities are usually quite high; and transportation systems converge.

streetcar suburbs

The appearance of the streetcar made living within the heart of the city unnecessary. People began moving to the edges of the cities and commuting to work by streetcar. Led to growth of suburbs.

City Beautiful

Urban planning movement, begun in Paris and carried on in Chicago and other American cities, that emphasized harmony, order, and monumental public buildings; emphasis on network of parks connected by spacious boulevards

white ethnics

collective reference to immigrants from the predominantly Catholic countries of Ireland, Italy, France, Poland, and Greece

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

slums and tenements

The dumbbell tenements were refereed to as slums because they were of the lowest living conditions and had been changed to accompany new laws on basic living conditions for everyone

Postwar Suburbs

Suburbs that arise from the investment of the FHA and VA backed loans into housing for the GIs coming back from WWII

Dolores Hayden critique of postwar suburbs

gender/class/use/racial divisions/white identity; women are trapped as home managers while white men make the living, trapped due to economic conditions. More women have to enter the workforce due to rising costs and paying the bills, but their roles largely don't change from shortly after entering the postwar suburbs.

Postwar urban decentralization

Returned GIs and their families moved out into suburbs using federally backed loans

William Levitt/Levittown

This was the name given to three suburban developments constructed in the post-World War II decades by the most important private builder of this period. Using mass production techniques, this builder turned home building from a cottage industry into a major manufacturing process, and his low-cost, mass-production methods were copied by builders nationwide. These subdivisions had planted trees on each plot, community pools, parks, and playgrounds. In the post-war economy, thousands of middle-class families bought in quickly and eagerly. Some observers criticized the monotonous uniformity of the these subdivisions, charging that they promoted listless personalities, conformity, and escapism.

Megalopolis

a very large, heavily populated city or urban complex.

gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low-income renter-occupied area to a predominantly middle-class owner-occupied area.

public-private partnership

A business venture approach whereby a public sector authority and a private enterprise join forces and combine resources to deliver government projects aimed at serving the public good

Festival Marketplace

A safe and trendy attraction intended to serve as a major catalyst for other redevelopment. (Indicative of a post-modern landscape.)

Edge City

distinct sizable nodal concentration of retail and office space of lower than central city densities and situated on the outer fringes of older metropolitan areas; usually localized by or near major highway intersections

Jacob Riis, How the Other Half Lives

Early 1900's muckraking writer/photographer who exposed social and political evils in the U.S. He was dedicated to using his photographic talents to help the less fortunate in New York. His photography helped capture the hardships faced by the poor. His most popular work, How the Other Half Lives, became a pivotal work that precipitated much needed reforms in the slums of New York. Jacob Riis's photography, taken up to help him document the plight of the poor, made him an important figure in the history of documentary photography.

bosses

Corrupt political leaders who used bribery and favors to win votes and elections

Robert Moses

Planned highways in New York, often pushed aside lower income residents for development and championed urban renewal; accused of destroying tradition and displaicng residents.

Business Improvement Districts

used to fund public space improvements (new streetscapes/graffiti removal) with the intention that it will enhance an area's appeal. Privatization of municipality responsiblities

New York Major themes

Colonial trade, 1811 grid, Erie Canal,immigration (from where/#), lower east side, bosses)

Inner suburbs

Land use zone between inner city and outer suburbs (newer housing)

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white property owners to sell their houses at low prices because of fear that persons of color will soon move into the neighborhood

boomburg

A suburban city of at least 100,000 that has experienced double digit growth each decade since it became urban.

Exurbs

communities that arise farther out than the suburbs and are typically populated by residents of high socioeconomic status

Edge Cities- uptowns, boomers, greenfields

uptowns-built on top of preautomobile settlements; boomers-located at intersection of two highways and centered around a mall; greenfields-masterplanned city from one planner on thousands of acres of farmland

Edgeless City

office and retail complexes without clear boundaries

common interest developments

Projects with individual ownership of buildings and common ownership of land; for example, condominiums and planned unit developments.

gated communities

Restricted neighborhoods or subdivisions, often literally fenced in, where entry is limited to residents and their guests. Although predominantly high-income based, in North America gated communities are increasingly a middle-class phenomenon.

sprawl

Development of new housing sites at relatively low density and at locations that are not contiguous to the existing built-up area.

Leapfrog Development

Development practices in which new developments jump - or leapfrog - over established developments, leaving undeveloped or underdeveloped land between developed areas.

smart growth

A set of principles for community planning that focuses on strategies to encourage the development of sustainable, healthy communities.

urban growth boundaries

place restrictions on development outside a designated area

transit approaches

TOD/ carpooling & HOV

Karl Marx

1818-1883. 19th century philosopher, political economist, sociologist, humanist, political theorist, and revolutionary. Often recognized as the father of communism. Analysis of history led to his belief that communism would replace capitalism as it replaced feudalism. Believed in a classless society.

Friedrich Engels

The Great Towns

Slum conditions

Many lived in cramped row houses or tenements

Tonnies

Gemeinschaft vs. Gesellschaft

Durkheim

mechanical and organic solidarity

Max Weber

Die Stadt

Steffens' "Shame of the Cities"

Muckraking, reports on the workings of political machines throughout America

Louis Wirth

size, density, homogeneity

Robert Merton

localites vs cosmopolites-people in cities generally have a detachment to their immediate surroundings and will move on to better things, less tied up in their community.

Herbert Gans

cosmopolites, unmarried/childless,ethnic villagers, deprived/trapped

Claude Fischer

subcultural theory of urbanism; urban areas strengthen group bonds because people choose to live in cities and their personalities set culture

Physical location and organization of Cities effects

environment, health, transport to services, safety/employment

Cities founded/grew due to

access, defense, politics, religion, education

Break of Bulk Points

a location along a transport route where goods must be transferred from one carrier to another.

gridiron city

streets in a rectilinear grid with planned open space and uniform setbacks

Homer Hoyt's Sector Model

a model of the internal structure of cities in which social groups area rranged around a series of sectors,or wedges, radiating out from the central bussiness district.

Harris & Ullman's Multiple Nuclei

Multiple centers in a city, grow based around these nuclei as opposed to around a single city center

Christaller's Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services, based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and farther apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel farther.

1956 Federal Highway Act

brought about national system of interstate highways (Eisenhower)

Futurama

presented at the New York World's Fair in 1939/40; sponsored by GM; presented a vision of the future in 1960

Road Gang

Group of lobbyists that encouraged the development of highways, profited off of them such as automobile, oil, developers etc.

Effects of automobility

Environment, health, equity, financial cost, architecture, land use

The Los Angeles School

multiple clusters of economic and social activity dispersed around the region, not one urban core but multiple. dominated by freeway travel, urban sprawl. focus on edge cities. political fragmentation (difficulty of coordinating local, city politics) post-fordists (deindustrialization). bifurcated labor market (wealthy people at top, laboring classes at bottom fueled by immigration)