⭐️ - neo. and peds. abd. ch 25

What is the NPO requirement for pediatric abdominal ultrasound in children aged 0-2 years?

NPO 4 hours

What is the NPO requirement for pediatric abdominal ultrasound in children aged 3-5 years?

NPO 5 hours

What is the NPO requirement for pediatric abdominal ultrasound in children aged 6 years and older?

NPO 6 hours

What is the normal common bile duct measurement in neonates?

What is the normal common bile duct measurement in infants under 1 year?

What is the normal common bile duct measurement in older children?

What is the normal common bile duct measurement in adolescents/adults?

What is the normal gallbladder length in infants under 1 year?

1.5-3 cm

What is the normal gallbladder length in older children?

3-7 cm (should not exceed kidney length)

When is persistent neonatal jaundice considered abnormal?

Beyond 2 weeks post-delivery

What are the three most common causes of neonatal jaundice?

Hepatitis; Biliary atresia; Choledochal cyst

What is the definition of biliary atresia?

Narrowing or underdevelopment of the biliary ductal system

What is the most common type of choledochal cyst?

Type I

What characterizes a Type I choledochal cyst?

Fusiform dilation of the common bile duct (CBD)

What percentage of childhood hepatic tumors are malignant?

Approximately 2/3

What are the two most common malignant liver tumors in childhood?

Hepatoblastoma and Hepatocellular carcinoma

What is the most common primary malignant liver tumor in children?

Hepatoblastoma

What syndromes or conditions are associated with hepatoblastoma?

Beckwith-Wiedemann syndrome; Hemihypertrophy; Familial adenomatous polyposis; Precocious puberty; Congenital anomalies; Fetal alcohol syndrome; Very low birth weight

What are common surgical conditions in pediatric GI pathology?

Appendicitis; Intussusception; Hypertrophic pyloric stenosis; Malrotation of bowel; Pylorospasm; Hiatal hernia

What is the normal appendix maximum outer diameter (MOD)?

What MOD measurement indicates appendicitis?

≥7 mm with compression

What secondary finding can be a diagnostic pitfall in appendicitis?

Mesenteric lymph nodes

What is the most common acute abdominal disorder in early childhood?

Intussusception

What is the definition of intussusception?

Bowel prolapses into a more distal bowel and is propelled in an antegrade fashion

What are classic symptoms of intussusception?

Colicky abdominal pain; Vomiting; Bloody ('currant jelly') stools

What does the pyloric muscle connect?

The antrum of the stomach with the duodenum

What are the demographics for Hypertrophic Pyloric Stenosis (HPS)?

Most common in male infants (4:1); 95% occur between 3-12 weeks of age

What is the most common clinical sign of HPS?

Bile-free projectile vomiting

What are the diagnostic sonographic criteria for HPS?

Muscle thickness ≥3 mm and channel length >15-16 mm

What is the most diagnostic measurement for HPS?

Pyloric muscle thickness

when mesenteric lymph nodes are found, sonographers should report what

size, number, location, and hyperemia

What is the most common cause of emergent surgical abdominal pain and children?

Appendicitis

What age does appendicitis mostly occur in?

5-15 yrs old

How young can appendicitis occur

Three months old but it is rare before the age of two

Appendicitis mostly affects

Males 1.7:1

Intussusception:

What percentage of cases includes the prolapse of the Ileum into the cecum or beyond producing an ileocolic Intussusception

90%

ileocolic Intussusception Is usually seen in children between the ages of

Six months old and two years old

Intussusception:

Abdominal distention or a mass may also be palpable in how many patients

Up to 50%

What is known as the target or donut sign?

The sonography appearance of intussusception