apush term quiz 7b

Central Powers

germany + austia-hungary, later joined by turkey + bulgaria. made up this alliance against the allies in ww1

Allies

great britain, russia, france, later joineed by italy, japan, us. Formed this alliance against the central powers

U-boats

german submarines (unterseeboat) deadly to allies in war zone. Essential to drawing US into war

Lusitania

british passenger liner that was sunk by germans

Zimmermann note

proposed german-mexican alliance against US later intercepted by Americans + US public wished to enter war

Fourteen Points

Wilson's proposal to ensure peace psot war- end of secret treaties, reduction of arms, national self-determination + league of nations

Committee on Public Information

government office during war, headed by george creel. dedicated to gain american support, distributed prowar propoganda + rallied crowds

Espionage Act

prohibited interference with drafts. Created an unfriendly civil liberty climate (in junction with sedition act of 1918)

Schenck v. United States

uphed espionage + sedition act, claiming freedom of speech could be reduced when posed as a danger to the nation

War Industries Board

coordinated industrial production during war, setting production quotas + allocating raw materials + eliminating waste. US industrial production increased by 20% during war

Industrial Workers of the World

radical organization that advocated for industrial sabotage. Appealed to workers in agriculture, lumber, mining and others in poor working conditions

general strike

stoppage across industry lines + affects whole community. Strikers were labelled as trying to form a communist revolution

Great Migration

6 million african americans to urban north and west from ww1-the great depression. Race relations began to imrpove with time

Nineteenth Amendment

gave women the right to vote, passed in 1919 + ratified by 1920

Sheppard-Towner Maternity Act

appeal to new women voters, federally financed instruction in maternal + infant healthcare + expanded role of government in family welfare

American Expeditionary Forces (AEF)

US army force deployed to europe in WW1 commanded by general pershing

Battle of Château-Thierry

first signifcant engagement of american troops in WW1. americans were seen as fresh + gleaminlgy young

Meuse-Argonne offensive

pershing led troops to cut german railroad lines on the western front. One of america's major battle in their short time at war

League of Nations

world organization of national governments proposed by wilson + established treaty of versailles. Facilitated peaceful internation cooperation. Ultimate failure

Treaty of Versailles

established settlements terms between germany and allies. War was blamed on germany through "war guilt clause". Germans suffered harsh payments to allied victors

Irreconcilables

hard-core group of militant + isolationists opposing league of nations. Prevented american participation in league of nations

Arthur Zimmermann

german foreign war secretary during WW1, author of zimmerman note

George Creel

young, outspoken journalist, head of commitee on public information

Eugene V. Debs

socialist leader convicted under the WW1 espionage in 1918 + served 10 years in federal prison

William D. ("Big Bill") Haywood

leader of industrial workers of the world, western federation of mines +socialist party. Most feared labor radicials + special target of anti-left legislation

Herbert C. Hoover

quaker humanitarian, head of food administration, secretary of commerce, 1928 presidential winner- faced great depression before losing reeletion to fdr

Alice Paul

suffragist + feminist + antiwar activist, cofounded national woman's party, launching movement to have equal rights amendments added to the constitution

Henry Cabot Lodge

prominent republican senator + chair of senate foreign relations committee, disagreed with wilson's internationalism + was against league of nations

Scientific Management

a system of efficient industrial management created by Frederick W. Taylor used to promote factory performance.

Fordism

A system of assembly-line manufacturing and mass production named after Henry Ford, founder of the Ford Motor Company and developer of the Model T car.

United Negro Improvement Association (UNIA)

A black nationalist organization founded in 1914 by the Jamaican-born Marcus Garvey in order to promote resettlement of African Americans to their "African homeland" and to stimulate a vigorous separate black economy within the United States.

Bolshevik Revolution

The second stage of the Russian Revolution in November 1917 when Vladimir Lenin and his Bolshevik party seized power and established a communist state.

red scare

A period of intense anticommunism. Suspected communists were deported "back" to Russia

criminal syndicalism laws

Passed by many states during the red scare, these laws outlawed the advocacy of violence to secure social change. IWW were special targets.

American plan

an approach to workers relations that focused on defeating unionization and strengthening boss' communication with workers and offer things like pension and insurance. Insisted on open shop

Immigration Act of 1924

this law established quotas for immigration to the United States. Immigration from southern and eastern Europe was sharply restricted, while immigrants from Asia were shut out altogether.

Indian Citizenship Act of 1924

law by President Calvin Coolidge, the act granted citizenship to all American Indians born in U.S. territory. The act, however, went short of extending the franchise to Indians, a milestone that would only be reached in 1962.

Eighteenth Amendment

This constitutional amendment prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages, ushering in the era known as prohibition.

Volstead Act

A federal act enforcing the Eighteenth Amendment, which prohibited the manufacture, sale, and transportation of alcoholic beverages.

Racketeers

People who obtain money illegally by fraud, bootlegging, gambling, or threats of violence. Racketeers invaded the ranks of labor during the 1920s, a decade when gambling and gangsterism were prevalent in American life.

Bible Belt

The region of the American South, extending roughly from North Carolina west to Oklahoma and Texas, where Protestant Fundamentalism and belief in literal interpretation of the Bible were traditionally strongest.

Scopes Trial

A court case over the issue of whether evolution could be taught in public schools. Pitting Christian fundamentalists against modernists, the trial eventually produced mixed results for fundamentalists, who won the case but were ridiculed by the national press.

Fundamentalism

A Protestant Christian movement emphasizing the literal truth of the Bible and opposing religious modernism, which sought to reconcile religion and science. It was especially strong in the Baptist Church and the Church of Christ, first organized in 1906.

Modernism

In response to the demanding conditions of modern life, this artistic and cultural movement revolted against comfortable Victorian standards and accepted chance, change, contingency, uncertainty, and fragmentation. Originating among avant-garde artists and intellectuals around the turn of the twentieth century, it blossomed into a full-fledged cultural movement in art, music, literature, and architecture.

"Lost Generation"

A creative circle of expatriate American artists and writers, including Ernest Hemingway, F. Scott Fitzgerald, and Gertrude Stein, who found shelter and inspiration in post-World War I Europe.

Harlem Renaissance

A creative outpouring among African American writers, jazz musicians, and social thinkers, centered around Harlem in the 1920s, that celebrated black culture and advocated for a "New Negro" in American social, political, and intellectual life.

Bureau of the Budget

An agency created in 1921 to oversee the federal budget and keep federal government spending within specified guidelines, imposing a process for fiscal discipline.

Adkins v. Children's Hospital

A landmark Supreme Court decision reversing the ruling in Muller v. Oregon, which had declared women to be deserving of special protection in the workplace.

Nine-Power Treaty

Agreement coming out of the Washington "Disarmament" Conference of 1921-1922 that pledged Britain, France, Italy, Japan, the United States, China, the Netherlands, Portugal, and Belgium to abide by the Open Door policy in China.

Kellogg-Briand Pact

A sentimental triumph of the 1920s peace movement, this 1928 pact linked sixty-two nations in the supposed "outlawry of war."

Fordney-McCumber Tariff Law

A comprehensive bill passed to protect domestic production from foreign competitors. As a direct result, many European nations were spurred to increase their own trade barriers.

Teapot Dome scandal

A tawdry affair involving the illegal lease of priceless naval oil reserves in Teapot Dome, Wyoming, and Elk Hills, California. The scandal, which gave President Harding's administration a reputation for corruption.

McNary-Haugen Bill

A farm-relief bill that was championed that aimed to keep agricultural prices high by authorizing the government to buy up surpluses and sell them abroad. Congress twice passed the bill, but President Calvin Coolidge vetoed it in 1927 and 1928.

Dawes Plan

An arrangement negotiated in 1924 to reschedule German reparations payments. It stabilized the German currency and opened the way for further American private loans to Germany.

Agricultural Marketing Act

This act established the Federal Farm Board, a lending bureau for hard-pressed farmers. The act also aimed to help farmers help themselves through new producers' cooperatives. As the depression worsened in 1930, the Board tried to bolster falling prices by buying up surpluses, but it was unable to cope with the flood of farm produce to market.

Hawley-Smoot Tariff

The highest protective tariff in the peacetime history of the United States, passed as a result of good old-fashioned horse trading. To the outside world, it smacked of ugly economic warfare.

Black Tuesday

The dark, panicky day of October 29, 1929, when over 16,410,000 shares of stock were sold on Wall Street. It was a trigger that helped bring on the Great Depression.

Hoovervilles

Grim shantytowns where impoverished victims of the Great Depression slept under newspapers and in makeshift tents. Their visibility (and sarcastic name) tarnished the reputation of the Hoover administration.

Reconstruction Finance Corporation (RFC)

A government lending agency established under the Hoover administration in order to assist insurance companies, banks, agricultural organizations, railroads, and local governments. It was a precursor to later agencies that grew out of the New Deal and showed that federal action was required to end the great depression

Norris-La Guardia Anti-Injunction Act

This law banned "yellow-dog," or antiunion, work contracts and forbade federal courts from issuing injunctions to quash strikes and boycotts. It was an early piece of labor-friendly federal legislation.

Bonus Expeditionary Force (BEF)

Informally known as the Bonus Army, this rag-tag group of twenty thousand veterans marched on Washington to demand immediate payment of bonuses earned during World War I. General Douglas MacArthur dispersed the veterans with tear gas and bayonets.

Brain Trust

Specialists in law, economics, and welfare, many of them young university professors, who advised President Franklin D. Roosevelt and helped develop the policies of the New Deal.

New Deal

The economic and political policies of Franklin Roosevelt's administration in the 1930s, which aimed to solve the problems of the Great Depression by providing relief for the unemployed and launching efforts to stimulate economic recovery. The New Deal built on reforms of the progressive era to expand greatly an American-style welfare state.

Hundred Days

The first hundred days of Franklin D. Roosevelt's administration, stretching from March 9 to June 16, 1933, when an unprecedented number of reform bills were passed by a Democratic Congress to launch the New Deal.

Glass-Steagall Banking Reform Act

A law creating the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, which insured individual bank deposits and ended a century-long tradition of unstable banking that had reached a crisis in the Great Depression.

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC)

A government program created by Congress to hire young unemployed men to improve the rural, out-of-doors environment with such work as planting trees, fighting fires, draining swamps, and maintaining national parks. The CCC proved to be an important foundation for the post-World War II environmental movement.

National Recovery Administration (NRA)

Known by its critics as the "National Run Around," the NRA was an early New Deal program designed to assist industry, labor, and the unemployed through centralized planning mechanisms that monitored workers' earnings and working hours to distribute work and established codes for "fair competition" to ensure that similar procedures were followed by all firms in any particular industrial sector.

Agricultural Adjustment Administration (AAA)

A New Deal program designed to raise agricultural prices by paying farmers not to farm. It was based on the assumption that higher prices would increase farmers' purchasing power and thereby help alleviate the Great Depression.

Dust Bowl

Grim nickname for the Great Plains region devastated by drought and dust storms during the 1930s. The disaster led to the migration into California of thousands of displaced "Okies" and "Arkies."

Indian Reorganization Act of 1934

Also known as the "Indian New Deal" and the Wheeler-Howard Act. Its major thrusts were to reverse the policy of forced assimilation that flowed from the 1887 Dawes Severalty Act, restore tribal autonomy, and promote the economic well-being of reservations.

Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA)

One of the most revolutionary of the New Deal public works projects, the TVA brought cheap electric power, full employment, low-cost housing, and environmental improvements to Americans in the Tennessee Valley.

Social Security Act

A flagship accomplishment of the New Deal, this law provided for unemployment and old-age insurance financed by a payroll tax on employers and employees. It has long remained a pillar of the "New Deal Order."

Wagner Act

Also known as the National Labor Relations Act, this law protected the right of labor to organize in unions and bargain collectively with employers and established the National Labor Relations Board to monitor unfair labor practices on the part of employers. Its passage marked the culmination of decades of labor protest.

Fair Labor Standards Act

Important New Deal labor legislation that regulated minimum wages and maximum hours for workers involved in interstate commerce. The law also outlawed labor by children under sixteen. The exclusion of agricultural, service, and domestic workers meant that many blacks, Mexican Americans, and women—who were concentrated in these sectors—did not benefit from the act's protection.

Congress of Industrial Organizations (CIO)

A New Deal-era labor organization that broke away from the American Federation of Labor (AFL) in order to organize unskilled industrial workers regardless of their particular economic sector or craft. The CIO gave a great boost to labor organizing in the midst of the Great Depression and during World War II. In 1955, the CIO merged with the AFL.

Court-packing plan

Franklin Roosevelt's politically motivated and ill-fated scheme to add a new justice to the Supreme Court for every member over seventy who would not retire. His objective was to overcome the Court's objections to New Deal reforms.

Keynesianism

An economic theory based on the thoughts of British economist John Maynard Keynes, holding that central banks should adjust interest rates and governments should use deficit spending and tax policies to increase purchasing power and hence prosperity.

Franklin Delano Roosevelt

The thirty-second president of the United States, he was the only American president to be elected to four terms of office. He first won the presidency against Republican incumbent Herbert Hoover in 1932 in the depths of the Great Depression and was credited with having developed a program, called the New Deal, that shepherded the nation out of crisis

Eleanor Roosevelt

The wife of Franklin Roosevelt, she was the most active First Lady the United States had ever seen and was known for her devotion to the impoverished and oppressed.

Harry L. Hopkins

A former New York social worker, he came to be one of the major architects of the New Deal, heading up the Federal Emergency Relief Administration and Works Progress Administration and serving as a personal confidant to President Roosevelt.

Father Charles Coughlin

A Catholic priest from Michigan who goaded 40 million radio listeners with his weekly anti-New Deal harangues. He was a well-known opponent of Franklin D. Roosevelt's New Deal policies.

Francis E. Townsend

A retired physician who had lost his savings in the Great Depression and promoted a plan, popular with senior citizens, to pay every person over sixty years old $200 a month, provided that the money was spent within the month. One estimate had the scheme costing one-half of the national income.

Huey P. ("Kingfish") Long

Louisiana governor, later U.S. senator, whose anti-New Deal "Share Our Wealth" program promised to make "Every Man a King." Long was gunned down in 1935.

John Steinbeck

Nobel Prize novelist who was given job by WPA (counting dogs)

Frances Perkins

The first woman cabinet member and secretary of labor under Roosevelt, she helped draw labor into the New Deal coalition.

Mary McLeod Bethune

The highest-ranking African American in the Roosevelt administration, she headed the Office of Minority Affairs and was a leader of the unofficial "Black Cabinet," which sought to apply New Deal benefits to blacks as well as whites.

Robert F. Wagner

Democratic senator from New York from 1927 to 1949, Wagner was responsible for the passage of some of the most important legislation enacted through the New Deal. The National Labor Relations Act of 1935 was popularly known as the Wagner Act in honor of the senator. He also played a major role in the National Industrial Recovery Act of 1933 and the Wagner-Steagall Housing Act of 1937.

A. Mitchell Palmer

attorney general during the post-World War I "red scare," when thousands of foreign nationals were deported because of suspected subversive activities.

Nicola Sacco

Italian anarchists convicted in 1921 of the murder of a paymaster and a security guard at a Massachusetts shoe factory. Despite a worldwide public outcry, they were electrocuted in 1927.

Bartolomeo Vanzetti

Italian anarchists convicted in 1921 of the murder of a paymaster and a security guard at a Massachusetts shoe factory. Despite a worldwide public outcry, they were electrocuted in 1927.

Horace Kallen

early-twentieth-century commentators who wrote against the grain of "one-hundred-percent" Americanism, celebrating ethnic diversity and cultural pluralism. Their essays left behind an important legacy for later writers on pluralism and civil rights.

Randolph Bourne

early-twentieth-century commentators who wrote against the grain of "one-hundred-percent" Americanism, celebrating ethnic diversity and cultural pluralism. Their essays left behind an important legacy for later writers on pluralism and civil rights.

Al Capone

A notorious Chicago bootlegger and gangster during prohibition, he evaded conviction for murder but served most of an eleven-year sentence for tax evasion.

John T. Scopes

Tennessee high-school biology teacher who was prosecuted in 1925 for teaching the theory of evolution.

Frederick W. Taylor

A prominent inventor and engineer who developed "scientific management," a system of shop-floor organization that stressed efficient, highly supervised labor management and production methods. His methods revolutionized manufacturing across the industrialized world.

Henry Ford

The "Father of the Traffic Jam," Ford developed the Model T Ford and pioneered its assembly-line production. As founder of the Ford Motor Company, he became one of the wealthiest men in the world.

Charles A. Lindbergh

An American aviator who made history as the first person to fly solo across the Atlantic. An instant international hero, Lindbergh's reputation was later tarnished by anti-Semitic views he voiced during World War II.

Margaret Sanger

A nurse and prominent birth-control activist who founded the American Birth Control League in 1921, which eventually became the Planned Parenthood Federation of America. In 1916, she established the first birth-control clinic in the United States and endured the first of many arrests for illegally distributing information about contraception.

Sigmund Freud

An Austrian physician who led the way in developing the field of psychoanalysis. One of the most influential minds of the twentieth century, Freud was known for his argument that sexual repression was responsible for a variety of nervous and emotional ills.