glycolysis

How is glucose taken into the cell

ATP generates energy to take Na out of cell against its [ ] gradient. The Na and glucose is taken into cell using the Na [ ] gradient in the SGLT

Glycolysis stage 1

6 carbon ring into 2 × 3 carbon molecules. Lose 2 ATP per 1 glucose

Glycolysis stage 2

3 carbon molecule into Pyruvate. Happens twice. Gain 4 ATP and 2 NADH per 1 glucose

Hexokinase

Traps glucose. ATP transfers its phosphate to 6th carbon on glucose. Makes glucose 6-phosphate

Phosphoglucoisomerase

Takes Glucose 6-phosphate and makes it into fructose 6-phosphate. Aldose to ketose bc ketose is less stable and is prepped for C-C cleavage

How does phosphoglucoisomerase transform glucose to fructose

Cyclic form of glucose turned into open chain form. Then is converted to fructose and turned back into cyclic form

Phosphofructokinase

Takes fructose 6-phosphate and makes it into fructose 1,6-bisphosphate with ATP turning into ADP. New molecules is very unstable bc it’s very bulky

Aldolase

Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate cleaved into glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase

Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate phosphorylated by P and NAD+ to make 1,3-bisphosphoglycerate and NADH. 1,3-BPG has high phosphoryl transfer potential

Phosphoglycerate kinase

1,3- BPG gets rid of one P to make 3-phosphoglycerate by converting ADP to ATP

Phosphoglycerate mutate

3-Phosphoglycerate to 2-Phosphoglycerate. Enzyme transfers functional groups to make more active form of the same molecule

Enolase

Water lost to make phosphoenolpyruvate from 2-Phosphoglycerate

Pyruvate kinase

Phosphoenolpyruvate to Pyruvate by converting ADP to ATP

What are the three irreversible steps in glycolysis

Hexokinase, phosphofructokinase, Pyruvate kinase

Is oxygen needed in glycolysis

No