APWORLD UNIT 2

Indian Ocean Trade

A network of sea routes that connected the various states throughout Afro-Eurasia through trade.

Mongol Empire

The first reason for the expansion of trade in the Indian Ocean was the collapse of the Mongol Empire in the 14th century.

Silk Roads

A trade network that flourished during the reign of the Mongols because the entire network was controlled by Mongol powers.

Maritime

Means sea-based.

Commercial practices

Innovations in commercial practices made trade easier and increased the use of these routes.

Money economies

The ability to buy goods on credit increased the use of trade routes.

Transportation technologies

Innovations in transportation technologies contributed to the expansion of the Indian Ocean Network.

Magnetic compass

A navigation tool that helped sailors know for sure which direction they were going.

Astrolabe

A tool used to measure the stars and get an accurate reckoning of location.

Lateen sail

An increasing use of the lateen sail allowed ships to take advantage of wind in almost any direction.

Monsoon winds

Winds that predictably blew in different directions depending on the time of year, facilitating trade.

Shipbuilding

Improvements in shipbuilding technology contributed to the expansion of maritime trade.

Junk

A massive Chinese ship that could carry considerable cargo.

Dhow

Arab traders used these ships for centuries in the Indian Ocean, and they were made bigger and better to haul more cargo.

Cargo

The kinds of goods that were traded in the Indian Ocean.

Environmental factors

Factors that played a role in the development of networks of exchange from c. 1200 to c. 1450.

Growth of networks of exchange

The expansion of trade networks after 1200 due to various causes.

Effects of exchange networks

The consequences of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

Safety of travel

The ease and safety of travel along trade routes, which was affected by the collapse of the Mongol Empire.

Innovations

New methods and technologies that facilitated trade and navigation.

Knowledge of winds

Understanding monsoon winds that aided in maritime navigation.

luxury goods

High-value items that are worth transporting across long distances.

common items

Everyday goods that are less valuable and more easily transported in bulk.

cotton textiles

Fabric made from cotton, often traded in large quantities.

grains

Cereal crops that are staple food items and traded extensively.

Islam

A belief system that promotes trade and was founded by Muhammad, who was a merchant.

merchants

Individuals who buy and sell goods, playing a key role in trade.

connectivity

The state of being connected, facilitating trade across different routes.

sea-based routes

Trade pathways that utilize oceans for transportation.

growth of trade-cities & states

The expansion of powerful trading cities and states due to increased trade activity.

Swahili city-states

Powerful and wealthy trading states located on the east coast of Africa.

gold

A precious metal that was imported by trading states from the interior of Africa.

ivory

A valuable material obtained from elephants, traded by coastal cities.

mosques

Places of worship for Muslims, often built with wealth gained from trade.

public works

Infrastructure projects funded by the revenue from trade.

Malacca

A capital city on the Malay peninsula that became wealthy from controlling trade routes.

Sultanate of Malacca

A powerful state that controlled the Strait of Malacca and profited from trade.

Strait of Malacca

A narrow waterway that is a crucial trade route in the Indian Ocean.

Gujarat

A state on India's west coast known for its strategic trade position and rich agriculture.

mid-point

A central location that facilitates trade between different regions.

indigo

A plant used to produce a blue dye, traded alongside other goods.

ports

Harbors where ships dock to load and unload goods, crucial for trade.

diasporic communities

Groups of people who have settled away from their homeland, often due to trade.

Diaspora

A group of people from one place who establish a home in another place while retaining their cultural customs.

Cultural Transfers

The exchange of cultural traits such as religion and language that occurs over trade routes.

Technological Transfers

The exchange of technology that occurs over trade routes, including innovations brought by merchants.

Zheng He

Admiral commissioned by the Ming Dynasty to explore the Indian Ocean and enroll other states in China's tributary system.

Ming Dynasty

The Chinese dynasty that commissioned Zheng He for exploration and state-led trade.

Tributary System

A system where other states acknowledge the supremacy of the Chinese emperor, often through tribute.

Expeditions

Journeys undertaken for a specific purpose, such as exploration or trade.

Military Technology

Innovations in weaponry and defense used in military contexts, such as gunpowder cannons.

Trade Routes

Paths followed by merchants for the exchange of goods, culture, and technology.

Connective Tissue

The role of diasporic communities in linking various regions within the Indian Ocean network.

Local Merchants

Traders who operate within a specific region and interact with diasporic merchants to facilitate trade.

Cultural Influence

The impact that one culture has on another through interaction and exchange.

Trade Partnerships

Collaborative agreements between states or merchants to enhance trade activities.

300 Ships

The number of ships in Zheng He's fleet during his first voyage.

27,000 Men

The total number of crew members in Zheng He's fleet during his first voyage.

Post-Classical Maritime Expeditions

Large-scale sea voyages that occurred after the classical period, notable for their size and scope.

State-Led Trade

Trade initiatives that are organized and regulated by the government.

Cultural Exchanges

The sharing and blending of cultural elements between different societies.

Goods Exchanged

Items that are traded between merchants along trade routes.

Environmental Factors

Natural elements that influence the development and growth of trade networks.

Learning Objectives

Goals set to explain the causes and effects of the growth of networks of exchange after 1200.

Indian Ocean Network

A system of trade routes and connections that facilitated exchange across the Indian Ocean.

Trans-Saharan Trade Network

A series of trade routes that connected North Africa and the Mediterranean world with interior West Africa and to some degree the rest of sub-Saharan Africa.

Arabian camel

A type of camel introduced about a thousand years before the period of expansion, crucial for transportation across the Sahara Desert.

Caravanserai

Rest stops along the trade routes where merchants can rest, sleep, and eat.

Kola nuts

A crop exported from various regions, known for being a source of post-classical caffeine.

Gold

A valuable resource traded along the Trans-Saharan routes.

Horses

Another valuable resource traded along the Trans-Saharan routes.

Salt

A specialized commodity that was in high demand across the continent.

Transportation technologies

Innovations that facilitated the movement of goods and people across difficult terrains like the Sahara Desert.

Expansion of empires

The rise and growth of powerful states as a result of increased trade and communication through the Trans-Saharan network.

Demand

The need for various goods created by different regions, which led to trade and the expansion of trade networks.

Effects of trade growth

Consequences that arise from the expansion of trade networks, including economic and political changes.

Post-classical period

The time frame around 1200 when the Trans-Saharan trade routes began to expand significantly.

Merchants

Individuals who traveled along trade routes to buy and sell goods.

Sahara Desert

A dry and challenging environment that posed difficulties for trade and transportation.

Comfortably

The ability of merchants to travel and carry larger loads with ease due to improved infrastructure.

Specialized goods

Products that were uniquely produced in different regions, leading to trade between those areas.

Trade networks

Systems of interconnected routes and relationships that facilitate the exchange of goods.

Rise of powerful states

The emergence of influential political entities as a result of increased trade activity.

Empire of Mali

A significant empire that rose during the period of increased trade along the Trans-Saharan routes.

Crops

Agricultural products that were traded, including those like kola nuts.

Trade consequences

The outcomes that result from the expansion of trade, affecting economies and societies.

Sand roads

Trade routes across the Sahara Desert that facilitated the movement of goods and people.

Trans-Saharan trade network

A trade system that connected regions across the Sahara Desert, facilitating economic exchange.

Mali

An empire that grew wealthy through participation in the Trans-Saharan trade network.

Mansa Musa

The most powerful and influential ruler of Mali, known for his immense wealth.

Hajj

A pilgrimage to the Muslim holy site in Mecca.

Economic trade

The exchange of goods and services that connects different regions economically.

Dar-al-Islam

The term used to describe the Islamic world where Islam is practiced.

Sultanate of Malacca

A powerful state that gained wealth and power by controlling strategic points along trade routes.

Gold

A precious metal that Mansa Musa distributed in Egypt, affecting its economy.

Wealth

An abundance of valuable resources or money, exemplified by Mali during Mansa Musa's reign.

Trade routes

Paths followed by merchants for the exchange of goods, crucial for economic growth.

Pilgrimage

A journey to a sacred place for religious purposes, such as the Hajj to Mecca.

Entourage

A group of attendants accompanying an important person, such as Mansa Musa on his pilgrimage.

Resupply

To replenish supplies, as Mansa Musa did during his journey to Mecca.