Hazards - general psd

How deep is oceanic crust and what is the density?

5-10km and 3kg/m3

How deep is continental crust and what is the density?

35km and 2.6kg/m3

When did Ortelius suggest the theory of continental drift?

1596

When did Wegener suggest his theories about continental drift?

1912

Give an example for fossil evidence for continental drift

Mesosaurus fossils found in south america and africa

How often does Earth’s polarity change?

400,000-500,000 years

When was the ocean drilling programme which discovered the age of sea floor rocks? What did it find?

1960s - no rock older than 200 million years

Give an example of a slow-spreading mid-ocean ridge - how high?

Mid Atlantic ridge - 2 miles

Give an example of a fast-spreading mid-ocean ridge

East Pacific ridge

Give an example of a rift valley

Great African Rift Valley

Give an example of an ocean trench - how deep?

Mariana trench - 11km

What percentage of all earthquakes happen in the Ring of Fire?

80%

Give an example of a conservative plate margin

San Andreas Fault system

Give an example of a caldera filled with water

Crater lake, oregon

How big the Deccan Plateau?

500,000 km2

Give an example of an Icelandic eruption

Laki volcano 1783

Give an example of a Hawaiian eruption

Kilauea, Hawaii 2015

Give an example of a Plinian eruption

Mt Pinatubo 1993

How fast is the Pacific plate moving to create Hawaiian islands?

10cm/year NW

How much is erupted by a super-volcano?

over 1,000km3

How big is the diameter oft he Yellowstone caldera?

75km

How much lava and pyroclastic flow erupted during 1783 Laki eruption?

14km3

Laki 1783 - what percentage of iceland’s livestock killed? Therefore how much of human pop killed?

50% and 25%

Krakatoa 1883 - how much did global temps decrease?

1-2oc

Krakatoa 1883 death toll

36,000

When did pyroclastic flow from Mt Vesuvius overwhelm Pompeii?

AD79

How fast can pyroclastic flow travel?

100kmph

Which eruption in iceland cancelled international flights and how many flights?

2010 Eyjafjollajokull - 100,000

How much SO2 did Mt Merapi 2010 release?

44,000 tonnes

How fast do lahars travel?

50kmph

How many people died in lahars from 1984 Colombian eruption?

23,000

How fast can tsunamis travel?

600kmph

How many people drowned in 1883 Krakatoa eruption tsunami?

30,000

How many people killed by earthquakes since 2000?

900,000

How deep is the focus of a deep-focus earthquake?

70-700km

Give an example of a mountain range created by earthquakes

Himalaya-Karakoram Range

How long did the ground shake for during 2011 Tohoku EQ

5 mins

How long did the ground shake for during 2025 Myanmar EQ

80 secs

How many people drowned from collapsed dam in Italy 1963 EQ?

3,000

How many climbers killed during 2015 nepal EQ?

18

When was the Boxing Day Tsunami? How high were the waves? How many died? How big was the earthquake which caused it?

2004 - 300m high - 220,000 died - 9.3 mw

When do volcanoes have to have erupted to be classed as active?

past 10,000 years

How many crops grown per year in volcanic soils?

3

How much of Iceland’s and Indonesia’s energy production is geothermal?

65% and 3%

When did the Grindavik volcano erupt? How long was the crack it created and how far did lava flow?

April 2025 - 1.2km - 11-14km

How many and when were Grindavik residents evacuated?

4,000 and 2023

When was the Myanmar EQ and how big was it?

Mar 2025 and 7.7mw

How many killed and injured from myanmar EQ?

5,400 killed and 11,000 injured

How big and when was the aftershock in myanmar?

6.7mw and 12 min after

How many people in myanmar need life-saving support?

18.6 million

How many homes destroyed in myanmar?

120,000

How much of GDP was damage in Myanmar?

14%

How much aid did China give to Myanmar?

$150m

How many disasters per year in 1970 and 2015?

5 and 30

average death toll of 10 most serious events since 2000 for volcanoes and earthquakes

66 vs 86,000