AP chemistry full year Set

Beta + decay

proton becomes neutron and positron, loses proton

Beta - decay

neutron becomes proton and electron, gains proton

alpha decay

above element 82, loses helium shell

Molarity (M)

M=n/v

Empirical formula from percentage

find moles, then divide by smallest one

Molecules

compounds combined with covalent bonds (ionic bonds are not molecules, ex. NaCl)

Molar mass

neutrons+protons (average of all isotopes)

atomic numbers

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Electron number

proton #= #electron+charge

Mass spectrometry

x axis is molar mass, y is frequency, tips are different isotope and combinations

charge rule for redox

F=-1, H=+1, O=-1 in order from most to least important

These elements make elements soluble

NH4(+), K(+), Na(+), NO3(-)

Percent Yield

Actual yield/theoretical yield

7 Strong Acids

HCl, HBr, HI, HClO4, HNO3, H2SO4, (HClO3)

8 strong bases

LiOH, NaOH, KOH, RbOH, CsOH, Ca(OH)2, Sr(OH)2, Ba(OH)2

Parent ion

The combinations of all atoms in mass spectrometry

Pka Rule 1

If pka<7, it is quite acidic, if pka>7, not so much