Body measurements, Integumentary system, Skeletal and Muscular, Cardiovascular

week 3

Body measurements

height, weight, head circumference

height is taken at

initial visit and yearly check up

height is measured

to the nearest quarter of an inch

1’

12”

3’

36”

4’

48”

5’

60”

6’

72”

weight is taken at

each visit

weight is measured to

the nearest quarter of a pound

Ibs to kg

Ibs/2.2 = kg

kg to Ibs

kg x 2.2 = Ibs

Infants are measured by

length, weight, head and chest circumference

Steps when taking infants measurments

1. lay an infant on a paper-covered table

2. place a mark at the top of the head and the heel of the foot while the leg is extended

3. measure the head circumference of the widest area across the eyebrows

4. measure the chest circumference under the arms

5. return infant to caretaker

6. measure marks on the table for height/length

Body mass index (BMI)

not an indicator of health but used to correlate risk factors based on height and weight

18.5 - 24.9 BMI

normal

over 24.9 BMI

overweight

over 30 BMI

obese

Over 40 BMI

morbidly obese

Diameter of limb measurements

measure both to compare the differences in size

wound, bruise, or other injury measurements

length and width

adult abdominal girth measerements

the waist line

Pulse Oximetry

measures oxygen saturation in blood and also displays pulse reading (not normally considered a vital sign)

Pain scale

subjective and oftentimes difficult to interpret

1-10 with 10 being the worst

and medication used to relieve symptoms must be documented

Skin

the largest organ that is composed of 3 layers (epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous)

Accessory organs in the Integumentary system

hair follicles, finger and tow nails, skin glands

Skin is the first line of defense

against bacteria and viruses. Also protects the underlying structures from UV radiation and dehydration

is body is to hot

dermal blood vessels dilate and more blood is sent to the surface

if the body is to cold

dermal blood vessels constrict

Epidermis

the outermost layer of the skin

epithelial tissue, no blood vessels (no bleeding when scraped)

Keratin

hard protein that makes up hair and nails

Malanocyte

skin cells

makes the pigment or melanin

Rubor or Erythema

redness in the skin (dilated blood vessels)

Pallen or Pale

when anxiety or the cold can cause the blood vessels in the skin to constrict

Cyanosis

bluish tint to the skin when it is not getting enough blood

Dermis

thick middle layer

contains blood vessels, arteries, veins, capillaries, nerves, sweat glands, hair follicles

Dermal puncture and finger stick

draws blood from capillaries in the dermis

Subcutaneous

Bottom layer of the skin

contains connective tissue, adipose tissue (fatty layer), and larger blood vessels

Subcutaneous injection site

needle needs to be at a 45 degree angle to get to the bottom layer of skin

Sudoriferous glands

produce sweat and can cause odor when it come in contact with bacteria

Eccrine glands

distributed throughout the body, and produces fluid to regulate body temperature

Apocrine glands

Found in the skin and mucous membranes

They secrete a thick oily substance that contributes to body odor and themoregulation

Neoplasm

new growth (does not indicate if it is malignant/cancerous or benign

Alopecia

hair loss

Acne Valgeris

black heads, white heads, pustules

Cellulitis

bacterial infection

Dematitis

inflammation with rash

Eczema

itchy, red, scaly rash

Herpes simplex (cold sore)

blisters on the mouth, lips, face

Impetigo

bacterial infection, itchy oozing skin

Keloid

overgrowth of scar tissue

Ndoule

small growth under the skin

Petechiae

ruptured skin capillaries (small pinpoint red/purple spots on skin)

Pediculosis

lice infestation

Ring worm (tinea corporis)

fungus infection, circular lesions

Rosacea

dilation of blood vessels, redness over the skin

Basal cell carcinoma

most common

gained from sun exposure and is a new growth that does not heal and keeps expanding (pink/red)

Squamous cell carcinoma

less common

gained from sun exposure and spreads to the surrounding tissue (metastasizes) common around the face and the head (looks like its oozing pus but is the crust it builds itself

Malignant melanoma

most aggressive

gained from sun exposure, and is an itchy, bleeding mole. Its appearance keeps changing and growing (dark)

Rules of nine

used to estimate the percentage of the body surface area affected by a burn

1st degree burn

superficial (epidermis) pain, redness, swelling (sunburn)

2nd degree burn

partial thickness (includes subcutaneous tissues) pain, redness, swelling, blisters

3rd degree burns

full thickness (all layers of skin, muscle, possible bone) skin appears charred and always requires medical attention

Hematopises

where blood cells area created in the red bone marrow

axial skeletion

skull vertebrae and ribs (80 bones)

Appendicular skeleton

arms, legs, pelvic gridle (126 bones)

adult human skeleton

206 bones

Ligaments

connective tissue that attaches bone to bone

Long bones

femur, humerus tibia, fibula, ulna, radius

Epiphysis

end part of a long bone

Diaphysis

the shaft or central part of a long bone

Medullary Cavity

hollow part of bone that contains bone marrow

Short bones

small and round, found in the hands, feet, wrists, and ankles

Flat bones

flat or curved, found in the skill and ribs

irregular bones

bone shape related to function (vertebrae and pelvis)

Mandible

lower jaw

Maxilla

upper jaw

zygomatic

cheekbone

Cervical vertebrae

neck

thoracic vertebrae

chest

lumbar vertebrae

lower back

coccyx

tailbone

socrum

pelvis

Rib cage bones

sternum (chest plate) and ribs

shoulders bones

clavicles (collarbone) and scapulae (shoulder blade)

arm bones

humerus, radius, ulna

hand bones

carpals, metacarpals, phalanges

leg bones

femur, patella, tibia, fibula

hip and pelvis bones

ilium, sacrum, ischium, pubis, coccyx

foot bones

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Skeletal muscle

responsible for body movement (striated, voluntary)

Smooth muscle

found within the walls of hollow organs, blood vessels, and iris of the eye (involuntary)

Cardiac muscle

found only in the heart, helps to pump blood (involuntary)

Tendon

located at the end of skeletal muscles and attaches muscle to bones

osteoarthritis

joint stiffness and pain (degenerative joint disease DJD)

Rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune and visible deforms joints (chronic systemic inflammatory disease)

Bursitis

joint pain and swelling

Ewing sarcoma

type of tumor that forms in bone or tissue (age 10-20)

Gout

arthritis due to uric acid crystal in the joint

Osteogenesis

brittle bone disease (hereditary)