NUTR202 Exam 1 Pt. 2

Where are carbs. normally found?

Primarily in plant based foods

-Grains, vegetables, fruits, legumes.

-Carbohydrate-based foods are staples in numerous cultures around the world.

What is the most desirable form of energy for the body?

Glucose

Brain and red blood cells especially rely on glucose for

fuel source

Plants convert the sun's energy into glucose by

Photosynthesis

During ______, plants use the chlorophyll in their

leaves to absorb the energy in sunlight.

Photosynthesis

What is the most abundant carbohydrate in nature

Glucose

Used as energy by plants or combined with minerals

from soil to make other compounds, such as protein

and vitamins

– Glucose units are linked together and stored in the

form of starch.

Simple carbs contain…

contain one or two sugar units:

monosaccharides and disaccharides

What are the 3 monosaccharides?

Glucose

Fructose

Galactose

What are the 3 disaccharides (2 monosaccharides joined together)

Maltose (Glucose+Glucose)

Sucrose (Table sugar) (glucose+fructose)

lactose (milk sugar) (glucose +galactose)

Maltose

Glucose + glucose

Sucrose

(Table sugar)

Glucose+fructose

Lactose

(Milk sugar)

glucose+galactose

Complex carbs are..?

Polysaccharides

– Long chains and branches of sugars linked together

– Starch, fiber, and glycogen

What is the storage form in plants?

Starch

Amylose

Straight chains of glucose units

Amylopectin

Branched chains of glucose units

What is a non-digestable polysaccharides

Fiber

– Humans lack the digestive enzyme needed to break down

fiber

Dietary fiber is..

Naturally found in foods

Functional fiber

Added to foods for functional effect

-For example, psyllium added to breakfast cereals

Total fiber = ?

Dietary + Functional

Soluble fiber

Dissolves in water and is fermented by

intestinal bacteria

▪ Many are viscous, have thickening properties

▪ Move more slowly through G I tract

What is a good example of soluble fiber

Oats

Insoluble fiber

cellulose, hemicellulose, lignins

Moves more rapidly through G I tract, laxative effect

What is an example of insoluble fiber

bran of whole grains, seeds, fruits, vegetables

Glycogen is

Storage form of glucose in animals

Glycogen (Structure)

– Branched glucose similar to amylopectin

Where is glycogen stored?

Liver and muscle cells

You digest carbohydrates in..?

Your mouth and intestines

Carbohydrate digestion starts in..?

The mouth

Saliva contains amylase

An enzyme that starts breaking down amylose and amylopectin into smaller starch units and maltose.

In the small intestine, pancreatic amylase..

Breaks down remaining starch into maltose.

Maltose and other disaccharides are broken down to

monosaccharides and absorbed into blood

When blood glucose begins to drop, pancreas releases the

hormone

glucagon to raise blood glucose levels.

Directs the release of glucose from stored glycogen in liver

glycogenolysis

Signals liver to start gluconeogenesis

making glucose

from non-carbohydrate sources, mostly protein

What is  the principal carbohydrate (disaccharide) found in

dairy products

Lactose

People with a deficiency of the enzyme lactase cannot

digest lactose properly

Lactose malabsorption is

natural part of aging.

People with lactose malabsorption can still consume

dairy and should not eliminate it from their diets.

What is lactose intolerance?

When lactose malabsorption

results in nausea, cramps, bloating, diarrhea, and

flatulence within two hours of eating or drinking foods

containing lactose

What Happens to Glucose in the

Body?

Travels through portal vein to the liver

Next one of three fates

– (1) Glucose released into the bloodstream

– (2) or stored as glycogen

– (3) or converted to fat

What role does the hormone insulin play in carbohydrate regulation?

The hormone insulin is released from the pancreas and

regulates glucose in your blood.

• Insulin is released by the pancreas in response to rising

blood glucose levels after a meal that contains

carbohydrates.

Insulin

Directs conversion of glucose in excess of immediate

energy needs into glycogen (glycogenesis) in liver

and muscle cells (limited capacity)

– Rest of excess glucose converted to fat

What role does the hormone glucagon play in carbohydrate regulation?

When blood glucose begins to drop, the pancreas releases the

hormone glucagon to raise blood glucose levels.

Glycogenolysis

Directs release of glucose from stored glycogen in liver

Also stimulated by epinephrine

Gluconeogenesis

making glucose

from noncarbohydrate sources, mostly protein

Epinephrine (adrenaline)

Stimulates glycogenolysis and increases blood glucose levels.

– "Fight-or-flight" hormone: stress, bleeding, low blood

glucose levels trigger its release

Without any glucose

Fat can't be broken down completely and

acidic ketone bodies are produced.

Ketosis

Elevated ketone levels after fasting about two days.

– Protein from muscle and organs broken down to make

glucose

▪ Brain switches to using ketone bodies for fuel to

spare protein-rich tissues

Minimum amount of carbohydrates needed daily

DRI: 130 grams per day for brain function

What is the recommended intake of fiber?

DRI: 14 grams of fiber per 1,000 calories to promote

heart health

What are the daily fiber recommendations for the 19- 50 age group?

38g/day males

25g/day females

What are the 3 edible parts of grain?

bran, endosperm, germ

Refined grains

Milling removes bran and germ

▪ Some B vitamins, iron, phytochemicals, and dietary fiber

lost as a result

▪ For example, wheat or white bread, white rice

Enriched grains

folic acid, thiamin, niacin, riboflavin, and

iron added to restore some of the lost nutrition

Whole-grain foods contain..?

All 3 parts of the kernel

▪ For example: brown rice, oatmeal, whole-wheat bread

– Dark bread is not necessarily whole-grain bread

Naturally occurring sugars

found in fruits and dairy

– Usually more nutrient dense; provide more nutrition per

bite

Added sugars

added by manufacturers and are often

empty calories (calories that provide little nutrition)

– For example, soda, candy

empty calories

(calories that provide little nutrition)

– For example, soda, candy

Carbohydrates play role in dental caries

– Fermentable sugars and starch feed bacteria coating teeth,

producing acid to erode tooth enamel and create caries

– Early childhood tooth decay (baby bottle tooth decay)

Eating foods like ____ can aid in the remineralization of your teeth as it is rich in ____.

Cheese; protein, calcium, phosphorus (mainly calcium)

Why should honey NOT be given to children younger than 1 year old

Honey should not be given to children younger than

one year of age in order to prevent Clostridium

botulinum spores that cause botulism.

The report of the 2020 Dietary Guidelines for Americans concluded..

Less than 10 percent of your total daily calories should

come from added sugars

Diabetes mellitus

individual has high blood glucose levels due

to insufficient insulin or insulin resistance

Insulin resistance

Glucose can't enter cells because the

cells do not respond to insulin.

▪ Without glucose, acidic ketone bodies build up, causing

life-threatening diabetic ketoacidosis: if untreated can

result in coma, death

Type 1 diabetes

an autoimmune disease that usually beings in

childhood or early adult years

– 5 to 10 percent of diabetes cases

– Autoimmune disease: insulin-producing cells in pancreas

destroyed—insulin injections required

Type 2 diabetes

seen in people who have become insulin resistant

– 90 to 95 percent of diabetes cases

– Cells are resistant to insulin; eventually

insulin-producing cells are exhausted, and medication and/or

insulin is required

What could be a precursor to Type II diabetes

Prediabetes

– Blood glucose higher than normal but not yet high enough to

be classified as diabetes

– Heart disease and other health issues can occur

What effects does diabetes have on your body?

▪ High blood glucose levels damage vital organs.

– Nerve damage, numbness, poor circulation

– Diabetic ketoacidosis

Hypoglycemia

Blood glucose level below 70 mg/dl

– Uncommonly, may occur after eating (reactive

hypoglycemia) or fasting (fasting hypoglycemia)

How is diabetes treated and controlled?

– Blood glucose control is key.

Diet, exercise, etc.

Why is diabetes called an epidemic?

Diabetes incidence on the rise

– Seventh leading cause of death in the United States

Preventing type 2 diabetes

Lose excess weight, exercise more, limit sugar-

sweetened beverages, eat heart-healthy, plant-

based diet

Sugar substitutes

Are as sweet or sweeter than sugar, but contain fewer calories

– Must be approved by FDA and deemed safe before allowed in food and beverages in the United States

– Many of these substitutes will not promote dental caries and do not affect blood glucose levels

Reduced-Calorie Sweeteners

Polyols (sugar alcohols): sorbitol, mannitol, xylitol

▪ Absorbed more slowly than sugar; don't cause a spike in blood glucose but are not calorie-free. Can cause diarrhea.

Powerful health effects of fiber include..?

Helps lower risk of developing:

– Constipation

– Diverticulosis, diverticulitis

– Obesity: high-fiber foods add to satiation

– Heart disease: soluble fibers lower elevated blood cholesterol levels

– Certain cancers

– Diabetes mellitus: slows digestion and absorption of glucose

Diverticulosis

Increased pressure in the colon causes weak spots in the colon to bulge out, forming diverticula.

• Diverticulitis: Infection of the diverticular

– Stomach pain, fever, nausea, vomiting, cramping, and chills

– Consume a diet with adequate fiber to prevent it.