Nematodes midterms

Clinical disease

Clinical disease

________ is largely restricted to individuals with a high worm load.

Hyperinfection

________- can result in autoinfection.

Piperazine citrate

________- suspected intestinal or biliary obstruction since this drug paralyzes worms to aid expulsion.

Ancylostomiasis

________ or hookworm disease, characterised by iron deficiency anaemia.

Penetration

________ of skin- filariform larvae bores through the skin.

Necator americanus

________- eosinophilia count will peak after 2 months.

NIH

Eggs are Rarely survive when it come to detecting it in stool that why we are using ________ swab.

Ectopic Ascariasis

________- due to migration of worm up into the stomach.

DS

________- the eggs in perianal folds, the larva within the egg it will mature with in 4 to 6 hours very fast.

Pulmonary lesions

________- due to migrating larva.

posterior end

Sexes are separate (dieoecious), male is smaller than female & its ________ is curved ventrally.

Macroscopic

________- Direct detection of worm /s in stool or vomit.

heavy infection

Mebendazole /Albendazole- drug of choice but contraindicated in pregnancy & ________.

Genital primordium

________- prominent, conspicuous L1 Rhabditiform Larva.

non bile

Microscopy- ________ stained eggs.

reddish itchy

Creeping eruption- ________ papule along the path traversed by filariform larvae (larva migrans)

Inhalation of infected dust

________ containing embryonated eggs.

Epigastric pain

________, diarrhoea & vomiting during early phase of infection.

Ascariasis

________ is very common to kids /children.

Serology

________ (Ab detection)- mainly reserved for epidemiological studies.

Autoinfection

________- filariform larva.

Capilaria philipinensis

________ (Pudoc worm found in Ilocos Sur.

large collections of worms

Imaging- ________ in abdomen.

sexual transmission

MOT- additional, inhalation and ________.

Persistence of infection

________- due to autoinfection.

Ancylostome dermatitis

________ or Ground itch- occurs at the site of entry (more common in necator), lasts for 2 to 4 weeks.

Personal protection

________- wearing boots & gloves.

Mode of transmission

________- Ingestion of undercooked or raw fishes or seafoods.

Stool examination

________- microscopy: non bile stained egg, segmented.

Eosinophil count

________ increases because eosinophils are responsible for parasitic infection.

Stool examination

________: egg /larva found in stool.

• Male

smaller, curved posterior end, has spicule

• Female

larger, tapering posterior end, no spicule

Penetration of skin

filariform larvae bores through the skin

ASCARIS LUMBRICOIDES (ROUNDWORM) Common name

Giant intestinal roundworm

Ascariasis

infection of A.lumbricoides

Penetration through intestinal ulcer (perforation)

peritonitis

Hypersensitivity reactions to worm Ags (toxic body fluids)

urticaria, edema of face, conjunctivitis, irritation of URT

Ectopic Ascariasis

due to migration of worm up into the stomach

Macroscopic

Direct detection of worm/s in stool or vomit

Blood examination

eosinophilia

Imaging

large collections of worms in abdomen

USG

to diagnose hepatobiliary or pancreatic ascariasis

Serology (Ab detection)

mainly reserved for epidemiological studies

Mebendazole/ Albendazole

drug of choice but contraindicated in pregnancy & heavy infection

Piperazine citrate

suspected intestinal or biliary obstruction since this drug paralyzes worms to aid expulsion

Mass treatments with single dose mebendazole or albendazole for all school-age children every three to four months

serves dual function

Necator americanus (Common name

American murderer)

• A. lumbricoides

human infection

• Intermediate host of toxocara canis and cati

humans

• A. duodenale (Common name

Old World Hookworm)

• N. americanus (Common name

New World Hookworm)

• Ancylostoma caninum

Dog infection

• Ancylostoma braziliense

Cat infection

• Oval, thin

shelled , colorless

Gardeners & miners

skin of hands

Note

Ancylostoma duodenale can do vertical transmission that can cause Congenital infection

Ancylostoma duodenale

eosinophilia count will peak after 1 month of infection

Ancylostome dermatitis or Ground itch

occurs at the site of entry (more common in necator), lasts for 2 to 4 weeks

Creeping eruption

reddish itchy papule along the path traversed by filariform larvae (larva migrans)

Lesions in the lungs

bronchitis & bronchopneumonia

Abnormal appetite showing Pica or Geophagy

perverted taste for earth, mud or lime

General appearance

pale plumpy with protuberant abdomen & dry lustreless hair

Blood examination

anaemia, eosinophilia

Oral iron replacement

ferrous sulphate 400mg tid

Personal protection

wearing boots & gloves

buccal cavity

shorter

genital primordium

prominent, conspicuous L1 Rhabditiform Larva

Open Mouth

Feeding stage

Final host

man

Infective stage

filariform larva

Diagnostic stage

Rhabditiform larva, egg

Skin lesions (2 types)

"larva currens"

At the site of entry

urticarial rash

In the perianal region

linear, erythematous urticarial wheal

Pulmonary lesions

due to migrating larva

Autoinfection

filariform larva

Hyperinfection

can result in autoinfection

Persistence of infection

due to autoinfection

ELISA

to detect Abs

Potentially life threatening disease

treat even if its asymptomatic

• Disseminated strongyloidosis

5 to 7 days

Strongyloides fuelleborni

causative agent for swollen belly syndrome

TRICHINELLA SPIRALIS ( common name

TRICHINA WORM or muscle worm

Final host

pigs and other mammals that are carnivores or omnivore in nature, so why men infected if the final host are pigs, it is because we man are considered as accidental host or the dead end host

Diagnostic stage

encysted larvae (we use muscle biopsy instead of stool)

Infective stage

encysted larvae

Trichinelliasis / Trichinosis

clinical features depends on the stage

Stage of intestinal invasion

5-7 days, pain in abdomen, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea

Stage of larval migration

fever, urticarial rash, splinter hemorrhages, periorbital & facial edema

Stage of encystation

asymptomatic in light infections; if heavy na sa myalgia na, weakness in heavy infections

Muscle biopsy

encysted larva

Blood

eosinophilia between 2nd & 4th week

Serology

to detect specific Abs by

Thiabendazole & Mebendazole

adult worms

Avoidance of feeding bits & refuse from slaughter houses & farms to pigs

breaks life cycle

IS

embryonated egg

MOT

additional, inhalation and sexual transmission

FH

man

DS

the eggs in perianal folds, the larva within the egg it will mature with in 4 to 6 hours very fast