organelle adaptations, structures, & functions

A collection of flashcards covering important vocabulary related to organelles, cellular respiration, photosynthesis, and associated processes.

Cell Respiration

The process in which a protein has hydrogen removed, split into electrons and proteins, and used to create ATP.

Glycolysis

The first stage of cellular respiration that occurs in the cytoplasm and produces pyruvate.

Pyruvate

The molecule produced in glycolysis that enters the mitochondria through transport proteins.

Cristae

The inner membrane of the mitochondria, which increases surface area for ATP synthase and the electron transport chain.

Electron Transport Chain (ETC)

The stage in respiration where electrons pass down a series of proteins in the inner membrane.

Mitochondrial Matrix

The location in the mitochondria where the Krebs cycle occurs.

Compartmentalization in Mitochondria

The benefit is having optimized pH and enzyme conditions for the Krebs cycle.

Compartmentalization in Chloroplast

Helps to keep the light-harvesting activity separate from where the Calvin cycle takes place.

Thylakoids

The branching membranes inside chloroplasts that help organize into grana and increase surface area for light absorption.

Calvin Cycle

The process that occurs in the stroma of chloroplasts, producing glucose.

Polysomes

Groups of ribosomes translating mRNA simultaneously, allowing for multiple copies of the same polypeptide.

Cisternae

The stack-like structures of the Golgi apparatus where proteins are processed.

Endocytosis

The process in which a protein binds to a receptor to bring it into the cell.

Invagination

The process by which a membrane surface intucks to form a vesicle.

Clathrin

A specialized protein that polymerizes to form a lattice network during receptor-mediated endocytosis.

Receptor-Mediated Endocytosis

A process used by cells to take in specific molecules like hormones and antibodies.

Two Modifications for Proteins in the Golgi

Removing/adding of sugars or the addition of sulfate groups.