ASL 305 Midterm

Balanced bicultural

The deaf person is truly comfortable with both hearing and Deaf communities.

Deaf dominant bicultural

The deaf person functions well with both hearing and Deaf communities but if given a choice, would prefer being with Deaf people or those who sign

Hearing dominant bicultural

The deaf person functions well within the Deaf community but has limited contacts with other Deaf people for various reasons.

Culturally separate

The deaf person intentionally keeps contacts with hearing people at a minimum.

Culturally marginal

The deaf person does not feel at ease in the Deaf community but also does not feel part of the hearing community.

Culturally isolated

The deaf person chooses not to be affiliated with the Deaf community and rejects ASL and Deaf culture. Experiences life of isolation and loneliness. "Oral failures."

Culturally captive

The deaf person grew up with NO knowledge of the Deaf community. Had a sheltered life. An example would be those with cochlear implants who do not consider themselves as deaf. Many are unaware of educational opportunities that exist for deaf people.

Conformity 1

Many deaf people spend years growing up without any appreciation of Deaf culture and often shun it because of the negative messages from their parents, professionals, teachers, etc. They don't have positive Deaf role models in their lives.

Dissonance 2

This is when the deaf person is exposed to the positive aspects of the Deaf community for the first time and forces them to reevaluate their affiliation with the Deaf community.

Resistance and Immersion 3

The deaf person then becomes determined to learn more about their cultural identity. They become more angry and want to be as "Deaf" as possible.

Introspection 4

The deaf person realizes their effort to be as Deaf as possible doesn't always result in a positive outcome. They realize their parents had good intentions.

Awareness 5

The deaf person comes to terms with being Deaf, is at peace with themselves and their relationships with their families and other people. They are in complete command of themselves thus creating opportunities for fuller lives.

William Stokoe

Father of ASL, 1st ASL dictionary

National Fraternal Society of the Deaf

Was formed in 1907 to provide affordable insurance, burial benefits, life insurance and advocated for equal treatment for Deaf drivers. It ceased operations in 2007.

deafness

Constructed by the hearing community. Medical, political, disability construction, hearing people benefit financially; A focus on the inability to hear and ways of "fixing" it through hearing technologies. It is also a mental framework that guides the deaf child's development with a medical perspective.

Deafinition

A definition based on Deaf worldview. Giving the Deaf people the POWER to define their cultural values. Giving the Deaf people the right to exist.

Dehearingification

A process of disassociation from a mental construction of deafness and any form of hearing culture bigotry in order to better understand the ideology of Deaf culture and maximize the potential to empower the Deaf people.

Monolingualism

English>ASL

Phonocentrism

Vocal/Audial> Visual/Signs

"Deaf Culture" old terms

"Deaf Experience," "Deaf Way," "Deaf World," "DEAF TEND"

When was American Deaf Culture born?

"When deaf people began to congregate at these schools, a new community of people was created among those who found they had similar orientation toward life- a visual orientation."

Deafinitions of Deaf Culture

"A social, command, and creative force of, by, and for Deaf people based on American Sign Language (ASL). It encompasses communication, social protocol, art, entertainment, recreation (e.g. sports, travel, and Deaf clubs), and worship."

"The Deaf culture is the shared experience of deaf people that has its own values, social norms (ways of doing things), a unique history, and a rich tradition of storytelling and poetry passed from generation to generation."

"Deaf culture is a set of learned behaviors and perceptions that shape the values and norms of deaf people based on their shared or common experiences."

Key elements of Deaf Culture

Language, Social Norms (etiquettes, communication, use of space, time), Values (collectivism, gathering, sports, visual ability, access), Shared or common experience, ASL Literature and stories passed on to us through Deaf people, Deaf history

5 hallmarks of a culture

Language, Heritage, Customs, Arts, Family or "cultural players"

"Without a legitimately recognized language, there is no culture; without a culture, there is no self-identity; without a self-identity, you just go on trying to be what others demand you to be."

Lou Fant

Iceberg Model: Surface and Deep Culture

Shows about 90% cultural elements are below the tip under the water (customs, social etiquette and conversational discourses)

Artifacts and Behavior= visible, in awareness, above surface

Norms and Values (beliefs, assumptions etc.)=invisible, out of conscious awareness, below surface

"…they are first, last, and all the time the people of the eye."

George Veditz

Visual variety

Eyes used more than other senses, Perceiving the world visually, Information processed through vision, Language developed based on vision and visibility, Ideology based on visual concepts. Doors versus Windows in art, Culture and values are developed based on visual concepts.

"The visual way of being in the world… is carried over into the cultural lives, values, consciousness, social spaces, and literatures of signers."

Benjamin Bahan

Lack of biodiversity in causing Ireland's potato famine, Deaf Gain as a positive biodiversity for our world.

Dr. Dirksen Bauman

Deaf Gain

"….is defined as a reframing of 'deaf ' as a form of sensory and cognitive diversity that has the potential to contribute to the grater good of humanity." (Dr. Dirksen Bauman & J Murray)

90% "formula"

Hearing parents, Hearing children, Oralists turned Manualists (signers), Deaf marry each other.

Hearing impaired

Most popularly used in public, Assumed to be most polite and politically correct by hearing people who never asked the Deaf people, Meant well, disrespect unintended, but it's a negative term in the Deaf community, Focuses on broken ear rather than the whole person with a cultural identity.

"Deaf" = liberating factor

Self determination gives Deaf people the power to define themselves and free them from what others define them

"Deafhood is not seen as a finite state but as a process by which Deaf individuals come to actualize their Deaf identity…"

Dr. Paddy Ladd

Deafhood

A process of self-actualization and establishing a Deaf identity through life events that shape one's view of self as a Deaf person and their role in the Deaf community.

Oppression/Colonialism 1

Hearing paternalism begins with defective perception, includes Linguicism, Audism, Discrimination, Deafism, Specialism, Intellectualism, Paternalism

Examination 2

Analyzes own identity and questions it

Liberation/De-colonization 3

Deaf identity found, fighting back now, Resistance in the Deaf community toward hearing paternalism, Gallaudet students taking off their Cochlear Implants after taking Deaf studies classes

Empowerment 4

"Once I learned that ASL is my native language, I developed a strong sense of identity as a deaf person and a more positive self-image"

Activism 5

Deafhood movements (books, reading clubs, monologues), NAD, ASL Jam, Deaf Bilingual Coalition, Audism Free America, Student Protests at Gallaudet 1988 and 2006

Hearing loss

"refers to the limitations that the hearing individuals experience by not being aware of Deaf ways of being in the world." (Dr. Dirksen Bauman)

Speech skills- no value, Deaf people have a language; therefore they have a culture.

Carol Padden

Wrote Deaf Heritage book, "My hope is that this book will become an important resource for Deaf people everywhere to better understand the remarkable efforts of our leaders who founded and sustained the WFD and our national organizations of the Deaf. At the same time this book can serve to enlighten those who are not deaf and share our struggle for human rights and the celebration of human difference."

Dr. Jack Gannon

1988

Deaf President Now

1990

ADA established

1965

Dr. William Stokoe published the first ASL dictionary based on linguistic principles (Language)

1967

National Theatre of the Deaf (Cultural, Awareness)

1964

RID established-Registered Interpreters for the Deaf (Access, Professional)

1960's

Deaf graduates scored at 3rd grade level in reading and writing as a result of oralism.

1913

NAD Motion Picture Committees

Early 20th century

NAD fought for Deaf rights to drive, marry, save sign language in schools and work at federal level jobs

1880

The Milan Conference, AGB played a big part, sign language banned around world, Deaf teachers fired

1864

First National Deaf Mute College, now called Gallaudet University in Washington DC was chartered by Abraham Lincoln

1817-1880

Golden Age of deaf education

1817

Gallaudet and Clerc establish 1st American school for Deaf in Hartford, Conn

Started the world's first free school for the deaf in Paris, France and used sign language.

Abbe Charles Michel de L'Eppe

"Deaf are born incapable to reason"

Aristotle

"As long as we have deaf people on this earth, we will have signs."

George Veditz

ASL verb morphology

ASL verbs are very rich with capability of up to 7 multi-layered morphemes at the same time

ASL contains 60% Gestural-Body Language and Facial Expressions

Iconic

ASL is different from common gestures hearing people use

Arbitrary

Frozen, Formal, Consultative, Casual, Intimate

Language Registers

Linguists have identified at least ___root "families" of sign languages

Seven

Native Indian Sign Language(s), Old ASL Dialect(s), Martha's Vineyard SL (BSL), LSF (Gallaudet and Clerc)

Modern ASL is a blend of these

ASL has the ___ largest enrollment

3rd

Hearing technology

Hearing Aids, FM Systems, Cochlear Implants

TTY

Teletypewriter

Closed captions

Optional

Open captions

Always on the screen, Like subtitles for foreign language films

TeleBraille (1984) -TTY with Braille output

DB texting (old)

DeafBlind Communicator (2009)

DB texting (modern)

VRS

Video Relay Service (Sorenson, Purple)

VRI

Video Remote Interpreting

Resistance Art

Type of minority art, Oppression, identity formation, politics

Affirmative Art

Type of minority art, Celebration of positive aspects

General Deaf Art

Landscapes, portraits, etc.

Deaf Culture Art

Known to those inside the community

Deaf Experience Art

Includes Resistance & Affirmative arts, Not the experience of sound, Exhibits the values of Deaf Culture

De'VIA

Deaf View Image Art, Expressions of Deaf "experience" or culture, including the use of Deaf metaphors, Deaf perspectives and Deaf insights -Contrasting or intense colors, textures -Use of exaggeration or emphasis on facial features, especially eyes, mouth, ears

De'VIA artists

Ann Silver, Chuck Baird, Betty Miller, Mary Thornley, Susan Dupor

"…composed of works by deaf authors, and literary works by deaf or hearing authors, which include deaf characters in short stories, novels, poetry, and plays. ASL poetry and autobiographies are not included."

Deaf Lit

Deaf written lit

Bluff and Blue (1892), NADmag (1948), Deaf Life (1986), Kiss Fist (2008)

James Nack

First American Deaf author

Deaf written lit

2 types: Deafness as a major life obstacle to overcome, Deaf culture as a beautiful experience, in which Deaf essence is nurtured and celebrated

ASL Lit

Literature that has been passed down from one generation to the next by culturally Deaf people. It is conveyed in a visual-spatial dimension. It exists on the air and on videotape, Storytelling, Poetry/Songs, Deaf humor, Deaf jokes, Folktales/Legends

Deaf Space

"An approach to architecture and design that is primarily informed by the unique ways in which Deaf people perceive and inhabit space."

AADB

American Association of the Deaf-Blind

Deaf meccas

Washington, DC, Fremont, CA, Rochester, NY

WFD

World Federation of the Deaf, established 1951, consults with UN

Gestuno

International sign language

ICED

International Congress on Education of the Deaf (1878-2010)

Deaflympics

1924-present, managed by ICSD (International Committee of Sports for the Deaf) and affiliated with USADSF (United States Deaf Sports Federation)

World Federation of the Deafblind

WFDB