g11 EOY Exam: Sociocultural studies SAQ (5)

Explain Social Identity Theory with reference to one study.

Explain one theory of the formation of stereotypes with reference to one study.

Explain the use of one research method in one study of the individual and the group.

Schaller M5F2

aim: Schaller aimed to determine how group membership, or social identity, can lead to stereotyping

method 4: true experiment. Participants were randomly assigned to “Group A,” “Group B,” or a control group with no categorization. They were informed that there were more students in Group A than in Group B. Participants received a booklet to assign equally positive and negative statements about the in-group and the out-group. They then ranked each group on a 10-point scale based on a list of traits.

findings 2: Participants recalled stereotyping statements that favored their own group and rated their in-group higher on the 10-point scale. The control group did not show a significant difference in ratings between Group A and Group B.

Explain Social Cognitive Theory with reference to one study.

Explain one study of the enculturation of one behaviour.

Joy, Kimball, and Zabrack M5F3

aim: to study the impact of television on children’s aggressive behavior

method 4: longitudinal natural experiment. The study was conducted in three small towns in Canada. Television was introduced to the one community and the other two already had access. Researchers observed aggressive behavior in elementary school children on the playground in before television and again after two years of television. They also collected teacher and peer ratings of aggression and information on television viewing habits.

findings 3: Aggressive behavior of children in the town increased significantly during the two years, while aggression in children from the other two towns remained stable. Peer and teacher ratings supported these findings. This change in behavior is likely due to employment of vicarious reinforcement and the necessary conditions of SCT.

Explain one study of the effects of stereotyping on behaviour.

Explain one ethical consideration in one study of the individual and the group.

martin and halverson M6F1

aim: to explore how sex-typing schemas influence memory distortion.

method 3: true experiment. young children were pre-testing the their existing levels of gender stereotyping. they were shown pictures depicting a person doing either gender-consistent or gender-inconsistent activities. They were asked to identify the sex of the person in the picture and were told they did not have to remember this information. A week later, were asked if they remembered seeing a picture of a person doing a specific activity and to identify the person’s sex and rate their confidence in their memory on a four-point scale. They included new images to test for response bias.

findings 1: children were more likely to remember activities consistent with gender stereotypes, while their memories of gender-inconsistent activities were distorted.

Explain one cultural dimension with reference to one study.

Explain one study of one effect of culture on one behaviour or cognitive process.

Explain the use of one research method in one study of cultural influences/origins on behaviour and cognition.

berry M6F3

aim: To measure the level of conformity in hunting and fishing societies (individualist) versus agricultural societies (collectivist)

method: quasi-experiment. Sample: farmers from collectivist, hunters and fishers from indivualist, and Scots (reference group). farmers & fishers and hunters were categorized as either traditional (no western education) or transitional (with western education). Scots were rural or urban. privately, they were asked to match which of several lines matched the length of the stimulus line. Then the researchers told the participants that most their culture chose one particular line. This line was correct or incorrect. Then they asked them to re-answer with this new information in mind. Researchers measured conformity

findings: the collectivist culture members had Higher conformity when told what other farmers believed. Members of the individualistic culture had Lower conformity. Scots showed No significant difference.

Explain one study of acculturation

Explain one ethical consideration in the study of cultural origins/influences of behaviour and cognition, with reference to one study.

luek and wilson M5F3

aim: To investigate the variables that may predict acculturative stress in a nationally representative sample of Asian immigrants and Asian Americans.

method: interview. Many Asian Americans: some born in US or immigrated as an adult. Semi-structured interviews conducted by interviewers with similar cultural and linguistic backgrounds. Interviews conducted online or face-to-face. Measured acculturative stress, language proficiency and preference, discrimination, social networks, family cohesion, socioeconomic status.

findings: A majority of participants experienced acculturative stress. lowered stress: Bilingual language preference, shared family values, positive outlook on moving to the US

increased stress: only speaking English, negative treatment from others