Unit 6 Honors Biology: Energy in Cells

adenosine diphosphate

• ADP

• combined with a phosphate to make ATP

• C10H15N5O10P2

• one adenine, one ribose sugar, two phosphate group

adenosine triphosphate

• ATP

• molecule used for energy

• like a battery

• three phosphate

• fully charged battery

• used in chemical, mechanical, and transport work

aerobic

with oxygen

anaerobic

without oxygen

autotroph

an organism that is able to form nutritional organic substances from simple inorganic substances such as carbon dioxide

heterotroph

an organism deriving its nutritional requirements from complex organic substances

mitochondria

• the powerhouse of the cell

• in which respiration and energy production occur

• has a double membrane and cristae

cellular respiration

• C6H12O6 + 6 (O2) → 6 (CO2) + 6 (H2O)

• ADP + P → ATP(s)

• the point is to break apart the sugar in a controlled way to release energy that can be captured to store in ATP by bonding ADP +P together with the energy coming from the sugar

• the energy stored in glucose by photosynthesis is released by cellular respiration and repackaged into the energy of ATP

chlorophyll

the natural compound present in green plants that gives them their color

chloroplast

• where photosynthesis occurs

• green

• plastid

• contains chlorophyll

glucose

• sugar

• C6H12O6

glycolysis

• glucose → pyruvate

• a series of reactions that extract energy from glucose by splitting it into two-three carbon molecules called pyruvates

grana/um

a stack of thylakoids

inner chloroplast membrane

phospholipid bilayer

inner mitochondrial membrane

the active site for the electron transport chain and ATP production

its integrity is crucial for mitochondrial function and depends on the supply of proteins and phospholipids

outer chloroplast membrane

chloroplast envelope, contains porins and is therefore freely permeable to small molecules

outer mitochondrial membrane

separates the intermembrane space from the cytosol

light reactions

use light energy to make two molecules needed for the next stage of photosynthesis

calvin cycle

a process that plants and algae use to turn carbon dioxide from the air into sugar, the food autotrophs need to grow

mitochondrial matrix

the space within the inner membrane, viscous

phosphorylation

ATP energizes molecules by phosphorylating them (transferring a phosphate group to the molecule)

pigment

• absorb specific wavelengths of light and reflect other wavelengths

• chlorophyll = green

• flavonoids = yellow

• carotenoids = orange

• anthocyanins = red

stoma/ata

• allow for transpiration and gas exchange

• if water is plentiful, guard cells retain water in the center vacuole to swell = open stoma, more transpiration & photosynthesis

• if water is scarce, guard cells shrivel = closed stoma, less water loss & less photosynthesis

stroma

the colorless fluid surrounding the grana in the chloroplast

thylakoid

• each of the flattened sacs inside a chloroplast

• stack is a granum

• function is to trap light energys and the transduction of energy into chemical energy

photosynthesis

• endergonic

• takes in atmospheric CO2 and turns it into food

• happens in the mesophyll layer of the leaf

• light energy + 6 (CO2) + 6 (H2O) → C6H1206 + 6 (O2)

light energy

kinetic energy with the ability to make types of light visible to human eyes, emitted by hot objects and the sun

chemical energy

energy stored in the bonds of atoms and molecules, released when a chemical reaction takes place

lactic acid fermentation

• humans and some microorganisms

• when our muscle cells run out of oxygen, we can produce ATP briefly by performing this

• lasts for only about 1-3 minutes

• lactic acid will build up in the muscle cells and cause soreness

alcoholic fermentation

• anaerobic

• transfomation of fructose and glucose into ethanol and CO2

• converts sugars into cellular energy, ethanol, and carbon dioxide