Bio Anthro Chapter 5

Flashcards covering key vocabulary and concepts from the Biology in the Present lecture notes.

Cultural adaptations

Learned behaviors that help us adapt to our environment.

Developmental adaptations

Adaptations such as larger lung capacity at high altitudes; developmental period and nonreversible

Basal metabolic requirement (BMR)

Minimum energy needed to keep a person alive.

Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE)

BMR and all other energy requirements.

Macronutrients

Carbs, fats, proteins.

Micronutrients

Vitamins and minerals.

Malnutrition

Affects (adult) height negatively.

Overnutrition

Can lead to high cholesterol, type 2 diabetes, and high blood pressure.

Hypercholesterolemia

High cholesterol, predisposing for coronary heart disease.

Type 2 Diabetes

Body doesn’t produce or use enough insulin, causing glucose buildup.

Skeletal adaptation

Training bones.

Vasodilation

Increase in blood vessels’ diameter to move more blood away from body's core.

Sweating and hairlessness

Evaporation of sweat cools the body's surface.

Bergmann’s rule

smaller bodies in hot, bigger bodies in cold

Allen’s rule

longer limbs in hot, smaller limbs in cold

Warm climate body shape

Taller, narrower body to maximize body surface area.

Cold climate body shape

Shorter, wider body to minimize surface area and promote heat conservation.

Vasoconstriction

Decrease in blood vessels’ diameter to reduce blood flow and heat loss.

Shivering

Produces heat.

Elevated basal metabolic rate (BMR)

High protein and fat, low carbs.

Rickets

Soft and weakening bones due to vitamin D deficiency.

UV radiation

Helps synthesize vitamin D, necessary for skeletal development, and depletes folic acid.

Melanin

Darker in high levels, lighter in low levels-protects from UV radiation and allows for vitamin D synthesis.

Sexual dimorphism

Difference in a physical attribute between males and females of a species.

First trimester

Growth most dynamic, embryo highly susceptible to disruption and disease.

Second trimester

Fetus grows longer.

Third trimester

Rapid weight growth and organ development.

Neonatal

About the first month after birth.

Infancy

The second month to the end of lactation; motor skills and cognitive abilities develop rapidly.

Childhood

Ages 3-7; completion of brain growth.

Juvenile

7-10 for girls, 7-12 for boys; full-size brain allows formalized education and social learning.

Puberty

Start of sexual maturation.

Adolescence

5-10 years after puberty.

Adult (Reproductive)

About age 20 to the end of childbearing years; completion of sexual maturity and full height.

Senescence

Period of time after childbearing years; reduction in homeostasis.

Menopause

End of menstruation.

Acclimatization

short term reversible adaptations that can happen at any point in life (vaso) (sweating, hairlessness, shivering)