AP BIO - Unit 2.1, 2.3, 2.4, 2.9, 2.10

ribosomes

protein synthesis according to mRNA sequences, made of rRNA and proteins

Endoplasmic Reticulum

network of membrane tubes within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

Rough ER

has ribosomes attached to its membrane, compartmentalizes the cell by packaging newly synthesized proteins

Smooth ER

no ribosomes, responsible for detoxification and lipid synthesis

Golgi Complex

series of flattened membrane-bound sacs found in eukaryotic cells which are involved in folding and modification of newly synthesized proteins and packaging for protein trafficking

vesicles

membrane "containers" that help move proteins around the cell

mitochondria

A double membrane that produces ATP energy that eukaryotic cells can use for cell work

Lysosome

membrane-enclosed sacs found in eukaryotes that can digest materials such as damaged cell parts or macromolecules

vacuoles

membrane-bound cells in eukaryotes which help store water and other macromolecules

chloroplasts

eukaryotes, double outer membrane, capture energy from the sun to produce sugar for organisms

thylakoid

Within the chloroplast, there are stacked membrane compartments called grana, which contain chlorophyll pigments and electron transport proteins. Light-dependent reactions occur here

stroma

W/I chloroplast: fluid that houses the carbon fixation (Calvin-Benson cycle) reaction

Phospholipid head

hydrophilic polar phosphate

Phospholipid tail

hydrophobic nonpolar fatty acid

peripheral proteins

loosely bound to surface of membrane, hydrophillic with charged and polar side groups

integral proteins

span the membrane, hydrophillic with charged and polar side groups

membrane protein functions

transport, cell-cell recognition, enzymatic activity, signal transduction, intercellular joining, attachment for extracellular matrix or cytoskeleton

Fluid Mosaic Model

model that describes the arrangement and movement of the molecules that make up a cell membrane which allows most lipids and some proteins to shift/flow along surface or across bilayer

cholestrol

a type of steroid that is distributed and wedged between phospholipids in the cell membranes of eukaryotes, regulates bilayer fluidity

glycoproteins

1(+) carbs attached to a membrane protein

glycolipids

lipid with 1(+) carbs attached

hydrolytic enzymes

help lysosome function in an acidic environment, allowing for efficient hydrolysis while the rest of the cytoplasm remains in a more neutral environment

membrane folding

maximizes surface area for metabolic reactions to occur

plasma membrane

in BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes, separates internal environment from surrounding environment

nucleoid region

prokaryotes' internal region that contains genetic material

endosymbiosis

A theorized process in which early eukaryotic cells were formed from simpler prokaryotes.

double membranes

in BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes, regulate the passage of materials into and out of the cell and to maintain a stable internal environment (homeostasis)

circular DNA and ribosomes

in BOTH prokaryotes and eukaryotes (ex: mitochondria and chloroplasts)