Urology Test Review

What are the overall functions of the urinary system

Produce, transport, store, and excrete urine

Kidney function (urinary)

ORGAN OF SECRETION

Urine is produce, regulating blood pH (filter blood), monitoring blood cell count

Nephron function (urinary)

FILTERING BLOOD

Produces urine in the process of removing waste and excess substances from the blood

Ureter function (urinary)

Transport urine from kidney to bladder

Bladder function (urinary)

Hollow sac that stores urine or bile

Urethra function (urinary)

Carry /transport urine out of body

Hilum function (kidney)

Entry and exit point for vessels, nerves, and the ureter

Capsule function (kidney)

Outer protective membrane covering the kidney

Renal cortex function (kidney)

Outer layer of kidney that contains nephrons

Renal medulla (kidney)

Inner layer of kidney that contains collecting ducts

Renal pyramids function (kidney)

Consists of medullary tissue; shape of the medulla

Minor calyx function (kidney)

Receives urine from collecting ducts

Major calyx function (kidney)

Receives urine from minor cálices; directs urine into renal pelvis

Renal pelvis function (kidney)

Hollow funnel shape structure that receives urine from major calices and directs urine into ureter

4 additional functions of the kidneys

1. Responds to low blood pressure by reabsorbing more H2O

2. Responds to change in blood pH

3. Responds to low red blood cells (secrete erythropoietin)

4. Synthesizes vitamin D

Kidneys role in maintain homeostasis

regulates/controls the water and salt content and removes urea

Where is the kidney located

Retroperitoneal space

Where is the bladder located

Located on the floor of the pelvic cavity

How does the urine get transported to the bladder

using the ureters and this process is called peristalsis

Describe the structure of the bladder

Held in place by ligaments and made of smooth muscle and inside is lined with mucosa

1. Fundus: “bottom” → rounded top

2. Rugae “wrinkle” → tissue folds (stretching)

External urethral sphincter

VOLUNTARY

Keeps urine in urethra (constricted)

Opens to allow urine to exit the body (relaxed) → urethral meatus → micturiton

Internal urethral sphincter

INVOLUNTARY

keeps urine in the bladder (constricted)

opens to allow urine into urethra (relaxed)

Describe the route urine travels from being produced to being excreted

Kidney → ureter → bladder → urethra

Male urinary system

Longer urethra that’s passes through the penis and also carries semen

Female urinary system

Have a smaller urethra that only carries urine and opens above the vaginal opening

Nephron

Filtration and reabsoprtion → removal of H20, amino acids, glucose, electrolytes, and waste/substances moving back to the blood

Renal artery function (nephron)

Carry O2 blood into the kidney

Glomerulus function (nephron)

Coiled capillary; site of filtration

Bowman’s capsule function (nephron)

Collects filtrate

Proximal convoluted tubule function (nephron)

Carry filtrate away from the bowman’s capsule ; reabsoption begins

Loop of henle

Carry filtrate; site of reabsoprtion

Distal convoluted tubule function (nephron)

Carry filtrate to collecting duct; site of reabsoption and secretion

Peritubular capillary (nephron)

Capillary that wraps around nephron tube; site of reabsoprtion and secretion

Collecting duct (nephron)

Carries urine to the minor calyx

Renal vein (nephron)

Carry clean De- O2 blood away from kidney

Process of filtration

The process where blood is filtered, separating water, waste products, and electrolytes from the blood

Where does filtration occur

Glomerulus of the nephron, inside the bowman’s capsule

What is the driving force of filtration

Glomerular hydrostatic pressure (blood pressure)

What substances become the filtrate in filtration

Water, electrolytes, glucose, amino acids, nitrogenous waste

Process of reabsoprtion

Process where the kidney returns necessary substances from the glomerular filtrate back into the blood

Where does reabsoprtion occur

Peritubular capillary

What substances return to the blood in reabsoprtion

Water, glucose, and amino acids, and nutrients

What substances remain in the filtrate in reabsoprtion

Urea, waste, products, creatinine

Anuria

No urine output

Dysuria

Painful urination

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Hematuria

Blood in urine

Nocturia

Frequent urination at night

Polyuria

Producing large amounts of urine

Incontinence

Inability to control urination

Causes of urinary tract infection

Bacterial infection, poor hygiene

Symptoms of urinary tract infection

Burning, frequent urinate, smelly-strong urine

Structures affected by the urinary tract infection

Urethra, bladder, kidney

Treatments for the urinary tract infection

Antibiotics, increased fluid intake, and pain relievers

Renal cell cancer causes

Smoking, obesity, hypertension, family history

Renal cell cancer symptoms

Blood in urine, weight loss, abdominal mass

Renal cell cancer structures affected

Kidney cells

Treatments for renal cell cancer

Surgery, targeted therapy, immunotherapy, radiation

Renal failure causes

Diabetes, hypertension, sudden drop in blood flow to the kidneys

Renal failure symptoms

Fatigue, swelling, shortness of breath

Renal failure structures affected

Nephrons

Treatments for renal failure

Dialysis, kidney transplant, Medications

Bladder cancer causes

Smoking, exposure to chemicals, bladder inflammation

Bladder cancer symptoms

Blood in urine, frequent urination, painful urination, lower back or pelvic pain

Bladder cancer structures affected

Bladder lining and bladder muscle wall

Bladder cancer treatment

Surgery, chemotherapy

Hemodialysis

Blood is removed from the body and filtered through a dialyzer

• 3 times a week at a dialysis center or at home In arm

Peritoneal dialysis

Collects waste from the blood by washing the empty space in the abdomen

• daily dialysis done at home

Urine formation and Elimination

Filtration - > collect filtrate → reabsoption → secretion → excretion

Main steps in the formation of urine

Filtration and reabsoprtion