Anatomy Exam 1 Prep

Intro, Integumentary System, Skeletal System, Axial Skeleton, Appendicular Skeleton, and Articular System

Biology

study of living organisms

Physiology

subdivision of biology that is concerned with the functioning of the body

Physiology attempts to explain:

physical and chemical processes that occur in the body

Anatomy

subdivision of biology that is concerned with the form, structure or morphology of the body

The word anatomy is ______________ (Greek/Latin), with ana meaning _________ and tomy meaning _______________

Greek, apart, cut

The word Dissect is ______________ (Greek/Latin), with dis meaning _________ and sect meaning _______________

Latin, apart, cut

cytology

study of cells

greek meaning of cytology:
Kytos=
Logos=

Kytos= cell
Logos= knowledge

histology

study of tissues

greek meaning of histology:
histo=
Logos=

histo=tissue
Logos=knowledge

surface anatomy

study of surface structures

developmental anatomy (________________)

embryology; development of the body prior to birth

comparative anatomy

comparing human structures to that of other animals

radiology

use of radiation to visualize internal body structures

Anatomical Pathology

study of tissue that departs from the normal and thus is diseased

cell

smallest unit of living matter and the characteristic building block of all plant and animal tissues

Tissue

collection of cells of similar structure that perform a common function

organ

consist of two or more tissues blended in such a way as to form a structure, which can perform one function or related functions

organ system

consist of one or more organ that act together in performing a major function of the body

body consist of ____ organ systems

12

Microanatomy

Structures are seen with the aid of a microscope

what structures require a microscope to be seen?

cells, tissues

gross anatomy

structure that can be seen with the naked eye

what structures don't require a microscope to be seen?

organ, organ systems, body

Back consists of

posterior aspect of thorax, abdomen and pelvis

trunk consists of

combination of thorax, abdomen, pelvis and back

upper limb consists of

pectoral region, arm, forearm and hand

lower limb consists of

gluteal region, thigh, leg and foot

Cardiovascular/
Circulatory System structures

heart, vessels

Cardiovascular/
Circulatory System
function

Transports nutrients and oxygen to cells, removes waste molecules that are excreted from the body

lymphatic system structures

Lymphatic vessels
Supporting lymphocytes
Nodes
Lymphoid organs

lymphatic system function

Protects the body from disease by purifying fluid. Involves white blood cells that produce antibodies

respiratory system structures

Lungs
Pharynx
Larynx
Trachea

respiratory system function

Conducts air, brings oxygen into the lungs, and takes carbon dioxide out

digestive system structures

Mouth
Esophagus
Stomach
Small intestine
Large intestine
Teeth
Tongue
Salivary glands
Liver
Gall bladder
Pancreas

digestive system function

Receives food and digests it into nutrient molecules, which enter the cells

Urinary System structures

Kidneys
Ureters
Bladder
Urethra

urinary system functions

Rids body of nitrogenous wastes and helps regulate the fluid level and chemical content of the blood

Integumentary system structures

Skin
Hair
Nails
Sebaceous glands
Sweat glands
Subcutaneous tissue

Integumentary system function

Provides Support and protects underlying tissues, helps regulate body temperature, contains receptors

Skeletal system structures

Bones
Cartilage

Skeletal system function

Framework, movement of the body

Muscular system structures

Muscles

Muscular system function

Movement of the body

Articular system structures

Joints

Articular system function

Movement of the body

Nervous system structures

Brain
Spinal cord
Nerves

Nervous system function

Conducts nerve impulses to muscles and glands and receives impulses

Endocrine system structures

Hormones
Endocrine glands

Endocrine system function

Secretes chemicals that serve as messengers between body parts, maintains proper functioning of reproductive organs

Reproductive system structures

Reproductive organs

Reproductive system function

Reproduction

anatomical position criteria

body longitudinal (erect)
upper limbs by side
eyes directed forward
palms directed forward
toes directed forward

median (midsagittal) plane

1 vertical plane passing through the body dividing it into equal right and left parts

sagittal plane

any vertical plane parallel to the median plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

frontal (coronal) plane

any vertical plane that divides the body into front and back parts

Horizontal (Transverse, Axial) Plane

any plane at a right angle to both the median and frontal planes that divides the body into upper and lower parts

medial

nearer to the median plane

lateral

farther away from the median plane

anterior (ventral)

nearer the front

posterior (dorsal)

nearer the back

superior (cephalic)

nearer the upper (head) end

inferior (caudal)

nearer the lower (tail) end

proximal

nearer the attached end off a limb

distal

farther away from the attached end of a limb

internal

nearer the center of an organ or cavity

external

farther away from the center of an organ or cavity

superficial

nearer the surface of the body

deep

farther away from the surface of the body

supine position

lying on back, belly upward

prone position

lying on front, back upward

Integumentary system: system of body composed of the _______ and the underlying _________

skin; subcutaneous tissue

What percent of the total body weight does the skin comprise?

15

Functions of skin

1. protection of underlying tissues
2. site of sensory receptors
3. regulation of body temperature
4. Salt and water excretion
5. formation of vitamin D

2 layers of skin

epidermis; dermis

thickest skin

back (1/2 cm)

thinnest skin

Eyelids (1/2 mm)

epidermis composed of

stratified squamous keratinized epithelium

epidermis is vascular or avascular?

avascular

does the epidermis have nerves

yes

layers of epidermis

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum, stratum corneum

stratum basale

base layer of epidermis where cell division takes place

stratum spinosum

epidermal layer where cells are tightly bound together

stratum granulosum

epidermal layer where cells become waterproof and continue to break down

stratum lucidum

epidermal layer where precursor for keratin is laid down, cells flatten and appear clear, no nucleus

stratum corneum

outer layer of epidermis, provides a protective layer that is waterproof and hard; thickest on palms and hands and soles of feet

epidermal layer where mitosis occurs

stratum basale

as cells move toward surface of epidermis...

they become dead, water resistant and filled with keratin

how many days for cell to go from birth to slough

30

what layer of skin regenerates

epidermis

melanocytes

produce melanin; found in deep layers

dermis

deep to epidermis

structures found in dermis

blood vessels, nerves, hair follicles and sweat glands

epidermis makes up what percent of skin

20%

dermis makes up what percent of skin

80%

superficial papillary layer of dermis

bumps that extend into epidermis that contain tactile receptor

recticular layer

contains collagen fibers laid down in multiple directions to resist 3 dimensional stress

subcutaneous tissue

composed of loose connective tissue and adipose cells

structures of subcutaneous tissues

blood vessels and nerves, some sensory receptors

adipose tissue is more abundant in

females