classifying organic compounds

aldehyde

a carbon atom shares a double bond with an oxygen atom and a single bond with a hydrogen atom & with another atom or group of atoms

carbonyl group

chemically organic functional group composed of a carbon atom double bonded to an oxygen atom; C=O

ketone

carbon atom that shares a double bond with an oxygen atom. the remaining two bonds are either to other carbon atoms or hydrocarbon radicals (R)

what is a key difference between aldehydes and ketones?

an aldehyde has at least one hydrogen connected to the carbonyl group whereas, ketones have two carbon groups connected to the carbonyl carbon.

carboxylic acid

a carbon atom is bonded to an oxygen atom and to a hydroxyl group (-OH) by a single bond & a fourth bond links a carbon atom to a hydrogen atom

ester

characterized by a carbon bonded to three other atoms: a single bond to carbon, a double bond to oxygen, and a single bond to oxygen. The single oxygen is bonded to another carbon.

ether

characterized by an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl groups or aryl groups

alcohol

one or more hydroxyl (-OH) groups attached to a carbon of an alkyl group

structural formulas for organic molecules

- carbon forms 4 covalent bonds

- can form single, double, and/or triple bonds

- carbon has no unshared pairs of electrons (most stable)

cycloalkanes

organic molecules with carbon connected with single bonds and at least one ring structure.

name constructed by prefix cyclo followed by the name of the open-chain alkane

ring restricts-no free rotation

alkanes

only single bonds between carbon and hydrogen atoms; referred to as saturated hydrocarbons

alkenes

carbon-carbon double bond; unsaturated hydrocarbons

alkynes

a carbon-carbon triple bond; unsaturated hydrocarbons

arenes

benzene-like ring; all arenes are aromatic

hydrocarbon

an organic molecule consisting only of carbon and hydrogen.

saturated

compounds consisting of only single bonds

heteroatoms

atoms in an organic compound other than carbon and hydrogen

functional group

a group of atoms bonded in a particular way

carbonyl group

C=O

unsaturated hydrocarbons

hydrocarbons with more than one bond between two carbon atoms, which means those carbons are no longer saturated with hydrogen atoms

terpenes

compounds contain at least one carbon-carbon double bond and are a multiple of 5 carbons (5, 10, 15, 20, and so on)

aromaticity

a term used to describe the unexpected stability of aromatic compounds

alkanas polar or nonpolar?

the electronegativities of carbon and hydrogen are so similar that when these two elements form covalent bonds, the electrons are shared equally = the bond is nonpolar

what functional group makes good fuel sources? explain

alkanes; they readily undergo a reaction with oxygen, called combustion

monosaturated fats

one double bond

polyunsaturated fats

more than one double bond

lipids

energy-rich organic compounds, such as fats, oils, and waxes, that are made of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

saturated fatty acids

long, straight-chain alkane-like compounds that do not contain double bonds and have a carboxylic acid functional group at one end

branched-chain alkanes

alkanes that do not have all their carbon atoms connected in a single continuous chain

structural isomers vs. conformational isomers

structural involves different molecules while conformational involves the same molecule (different arrangements/connectivity)

stereoisomers

compounds with the same structural formula but with a different arrangement of the atoms in space.

the prefix "cis" means

same side

the prefix "trans" means

across