GEN 141 Unit 1 Test

anatomical position

upright, feet parallel, eyes and palms forward

prone

lying face down

supine

lying on the back

dorsal

toward the back

ventral

toward the belly

anterior

front

posterior

back

midline

divides body into left and right

medial

toward the midline

lateral

to the side, away from the midline of the body

inferior

below

superior

above

cephalic

toward the head

caudal

toward the tail

proximal

closer to point of attachment

distal

further from point of attachment

deep

away from surface

superficial

near surface

sole/plantar

bottom of foot

parietal

outer wall of body cavity

visceral

internal organs

coronal plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

midsagittal plane

divides the body into equal right and left sides

transverse plane

divides the body into superior and inferior parts

oblique plane

divides body at an angle

body cavities

protect organs

serous membrane (serosa)

lines body cavities + covers organs

ventral cavity

thoracic cavity(sup.) and abdominopelvic cavity(inf.); divided by diaphragm

dorsal cavity

cranial cavity + vertebral canal

thoracic cavity

2 pleural cavities (lungs; lined w/ pleurae); 1 pericardial cavity (heart; lined w/ pericardium)

abdominopelvic cavity

abdominal cavity (digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, ureters; lined w peritoneum); pelvic cavity (bladder, rectum, reproductive; peritoneum)

cranial cavity

brain; lined by meninges

vertebral canal

contains spinal cord; lined by meninges

right upper quadrant (RUQ)

right lobe of liver, gallbladder, right kidney, portions of stomach, small and large intestine

left upper quadrant (LUQ)

left lobe of liver, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, spleen, portions of large intestine

right lower quadrant (RLQ)

cecum, appendix, right ovary and tube, right ureter, right spermatic cord

left lower quadrant (LLQ)

contains parts of the small and large intestines, left ovary, left fallopian tube, left ureter

right hypochondriac region

liver, gallbladder, right kidney

right lumbar region

ascending colon of large intestine

right inguinal region

cecum, appendix

epigastric region

stomach, liver, pancreas, right and left kidneys

umbilical region

small intestine, duodenum

hypogastric region

bladder, colon, reproductive organs

left hypochondriac region

spleen, colon, left kidney, pancreas

left lumbar region

large intestine

left iliac region

large intestine, colon

hierarchy of structure

atom
molecule
organelle
cell
tissue
organ
organ system
organism

homeostasis

state of equilibrium

dynamic equilibrium

narrow range of homeostasis

negative feedback

change detected, body acts to negate/reverse (ex: sweat)

positive feedback

change detected, body amplifies change (ex: labor/childbirth)

integumentary system

skin, hair, nails, cutaneous glands
--
protection, thermoregulation, water retention

skeletal system

bone, cartilage, ligaments
--
support, movement, protection

muscular system

muscles
--
movement, stability, communication, body openings, heat

nervous system

brain, spinal cord, nerves
--
communication, coordination, motor control, sensation

endocrine system

pituitary, pineal, thyroid, parathyroid, thymus, adrenal glans, pancreas, testes + ovaries
--
hormones + chemical communication

cardiovascular system

heart + vessels
--
nutrient + oxygen distribution, wastes, immunity, acid/base, fluid, electrolyte

lymphatic system

thymus, spleen, tonsils, lymph nodes + vessels
--
excess fluid, pathogens, immunity

respiratory system

nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
--
oxygen<->carbon dioxide, speech

urinary system

kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, urethra
--
waste elim, blood volume + pressure

digestive system

mouth components, stomach, esophagus, intestines, liver, gallbladder, pancreas
--
nutrient breakdown + absorption

reproductive system (female)

ovaries, fallopian tubes, uterus, vagina, mammary glands

reproductive system (male)

prostate gland, ductus deferens, testis, penis

neutron

no charge, 1 mass unit

proton

+ charge, 1 mass unit

electron

- charge, no significant mass

atomic number

the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

atomic weight

protons + neutrons; mass of single atom

element

simplest form of matter w/ unique chemical properties

atom

smallest particle of an element with the properties of that element

isotope

element with different number of neutrons

radioisotopes

unstable; decays until stable

ionizing radiation

high energy radiation

ion

charged particle; unequal number of protons and electrons

ionization

transferring electrons between atoms

physical half life

the time required for 50% of its atoms to decay to a more stable state

biological half-life

time it takes for 1/2 of radioisotope to disappear from body

anion

negative ion

cation

positive ion

electrolyte

substance that ionizes in water; reactive

molecule

2+ atoms chemically combine

compound

2+ atoms of different elements combine

ionic bond

the attraction between oppositely charged ions; weak -- dissolve in water

covalent bond

sharing of 1 or more pairs of electrons

nonpolar covalent bond

a covalent bond in which the electrons are shared equally by the two atoms

polar covalent bond

A covalent bond in which electrons are not shared equally

hydrogen bond

weak attraction between polarized molecules

van der waals force

brief attraction of adjacent atoms that are neutral

adhesion

tendency to cling to another substance

cohesion

tendency to cling to self

acid

<7 -- proton donor, more H+

base

>7 -- proton acceptor, more OH-

human pH

7.35-7.45

buffers

chemicals that resist a change in pH

metabolism

all chemical reactions in body

catabolism

breaking down

anabolism

building up

reaction rate factors

concentration, temperature, catalysts

oxidation

loss of electrons, energy release