Motor Control theories

Reflex Theory

-reflex is basic unit of complex behavior, all movement is just reflexes strung together

-doesn't explain: spontaneous or voluntary mvmts, fast mvmts, novel mvmts and ability to override reflexes

-current clinical relevance (UMN v LMN), prognosis etc, PNF and neuroinhibition techniques, observation of neuro-maturation of reflexes in infants

Hierarchical Theory

-cntrl is top down

-reflexes emerge when higher centers are damaged

-doesn't explain: how reflexes are released, central pattern generators

-current clinical relevance: reflex assessment in kids, neuro rehab approach based on motor dev concepts (stability>mobility>controlled mobility>skill)

Motor programming theory

-neural connections form motor programs based on actions

-revolutionary: moved away from reflexive and top down approaches

-doesn't explain: importance of sensory feedback and environ in modulating output

-current clinical relevance:provides rationale for relearning a functional task-pt is not just one joint. Look at big picture. Lots of experimental support for CPGs

Dynamic systems theory

-motor control is complex

-includes external and internal forces

-synergies control degrees of freedom

-variability allows for optimal function

-doesn't explain: changing interactions of the individual w/ environ or contributions of the person's psyche

-current clinical relevance: consider biomech factors, whole person and redundancies as means of recovery

Ecological Theory

-emphasis on perception and goal-oriented action performed in a specific environment

-shift to the organism/environment interface (away from nervous system)

-doesn't explain how CNS dysfunction/function influences mvmts

-current clinical relevance: individual as active explorer of environ, develops many ways to accomplish task. Adaptability and exploration is emphasized

Updates to old theories

-reflex control: reflexes aren't sole determinants of motor control but only one of many proceses important to generation and control of mvmt

-hierarchical control: each level of the nervous system can act on other levels (higher and lower) depending on the task

-dynamic systems theory: incorporates variability as a necessary condition of optimal function

Parallel dev of rehab methods: neuropathic facilitation

-facilitating desired and inhibiting undesired mvmt outcomes

-ex: NDT, PNF,SI(sensory integration)

-involves: reflex and hierarchical theories

Parallel dev of rehab methods: task oriented (motor learning/control)

-strive for function even if abnormal mvmt occurs

-pt is an engaged partner in their recovery

-ex: motor learning, ITE

-involves: reflex, hierarchical, and systems

Contemporary approach: task oriented

-mvmt is organized around a goal (functional)

-adding a goal changes the person's action

-pts learn by actively attempting to solve the problem inherent in a functional task

-don't intervene or instruct at the beginning

Underlying assumptions of task oriented approach

-mvmt emerges from interaction btwn individual, task and environment

-mvmt results from interplay btwn perception, cognition, and action systems