LAB Chapters 1-3

Hierarchy of structure and function

Chemical

Cellular

Tissue

Organ

Organ System

Organism

Chemical Level includes

atoms and molecules

Atoms

Building blocks of matter and elements

Molecules

(Hint: H2O = Water)

Combinations of atoms

Cellular level includes

Organelles

Molecules combine to form________ which make up _________

organelles, cells

4 types of Tissue Levels

Epithelium

Connective

Nervous

Muscle

Epithelium ...

Connective ...

Nervous ...

to cover

to connect

to control

Skeletal Muscle Tissue ...

Cardiac Muscle Tissue ...

Smooth Muscle Tissue ...

Moves the skeleton

Moves the blood

Moves food

Organ System

group of organs that work together

Organ systems of the human body

Integumentary

Skeletal

Muscular

Nervous

Endocrine

Cardiovascular

Lymphatic

Respiratory

Digestive

Urinary

Reproductive

Integumentary ...

Skeletal ...

Muscular ...

Nervous ...

Endocrine ...

Cardiovascular ...

Lymphatic ...

Respiratory ...

Digestive ...

Urinary ...

Reproductive ...

Skin

Bones

Muscles

Brain, spinal cord, nerves

Glands

Heart, blood vessels

Lymphs

Lungs, trachea

Stomach, GI

Kidneys, bladdar

Ovaries/testies, duct

Organism

Any living thing

6 characteristics of life

Organization

Metabolism

Responsiveness

Growth

Development

Reproduction

Organization ...

Metabolism ...

Responsiveness ...

Growth ...

Development ...

Reproduction ...

Interacting parts for specific functions

Chemical reactions

Ability to sense changes in environment and adapt

Cells increasing in size or number

Changes in organism

Formation of new cells or organisms

Homeostasis

Body's ability to maintain stable internal conditions

3 Interdependent Components

Receptor

Control Center

Effector

Receptor

Monitors environment and responds to stimuli - sends information to control center

Control center

Processes the signal and sends instructions

Effector

An organ or cell that acts in response to a stimulus

Negative feedback

Opposite directional change - occur continuously

(Sweating)

Positive feedback

Same directional change - responses are not homeostatic

(Contractions vs heart attack)

Anatomical Position

Stand erect

Arms at the sides

Palms facing forward

Superior vs inferior

Towards head vs away from head

Anterior vs posterior

Front of body vs back of body

Medial

Lateral

Intermediate

Toward midline

Away from midline

In the middle

Eyes are ____________ to the nose and __________ to the nose

medial, lateral

Proximal

Toward or nearest the trunk of the body or nearest the point of origin

Distal

Away from or farthest from the trunk or the point of origin

Superficial vs deep

Toward the surface vs away from the surface

Axial part

head, neck, trunk

Appendicular part

appendages and limbs

Sagittal plane

Vertical (left and right)

Midsagittal vs parasagittal

Right in the middle vs offset from middle

Frontal/Coronal Plane

Vertical (anterior and posterior)

Transverse Plane

Horizontal (superior and inferior)

Oblique Plane

Diagonal between horizontal and vertical

Anterior Cavities

Thoracic

Abdominalpelvic

Thoracic Cavity

Mediastinum

Pleural

Pericardial

Mediastinum

heart, thymus, trachea

Pleural

lungs

Pericardial

heart

Abdominalpelvic Quadrants

right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Abdominal

Stomach, intestines, liver, spleen, pancreas, kidneys

Pelvic

Reproductive organs

Posterior Cavities

Cranial - brain

Vertebral - spinal cord

Serous Membranes

Line the trunk cavities and cover organs

Visceral Serious Membrane

Touching the organ

Parietal Serious Membrane

Lining the wall

Pericardial Membrane

Lines the heart

Peritoneal Membrane

Lines the abdominal cavity

Pleural Membrane

Lines the lungs

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Mass

The amount of matter in an object

Weight

Force of gravity on an object

Elements

Simplest type of matter (cannot be broken down)

Compromised of atoms

112 total

92 natural

Atomic Symbols

Letters representing each element

Atomic structure

Nucleus and electron cloud

Atomic Nucleus

Central unit

Positive charge

99.99% of mass of atom

Contains protons and neutrons

Protons

Heavy subatomic particle

Positive

Weight = 1 amu

Neutrons

Heavy subatomic particle

Neutral

Weight = 1 amu

Electron Cloud

Subatomic particle

Negative

Weight = 0 amu

Electrons

Outside of the nucleus

Atomic Number

Number of protons in each atom

Each element has the same number of protons in the nucleus as electrons in the cloud

Mass Number

Number of protons PLUS number of neutrons

Isotopes

Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons

(Same atomic number but different mass number)

Isotope example for Hydrogen: Hydrogen, Deuterium, Tritium

Hydrogen: 1H

Deuterium: 2H

Tritium: 3H

Atomic Mass

The average mass of all the isotopes of an element

Valence electrons

Electrons on the outermost shell

Electronegativity

The power of an atom to attract electrons to itself

The further right the more electronegative

Chemical bonding

Transfer of electrons through ionic or covalent bonding

Ionic Bonding

Oppositely charged ions attracted to each other positive is attracted to the negative (cation attracted to anion)

Cation

positively charged atom that contains fewer electrons than protons

Anion

negatively charged atom that has more electrons than protons

Covalent Bonding

results from the sharing of electron pairs between two atoms = molecule

Single covalent bond

2 electrons (1 pair) shared between 2 atoms

Single dash H-H

Double covalent bond

4 electrons (2 pairs) shared between 2 atoms

Double dash O=O

Non-polar covalent bond

electrons shared equally

no charge

Polar covalent bond

electrons are not shared equally - one atom holds on longer to the electron

partial charge

Molecule

2 or more atoms held together by covalent bonds

ie: H2 and C6H12O6

Compound

2 or more different atoms held together by covalent bonds

ie: NaCl

H2O

molecule AND compound

Intermolecular forces

weak electrostatic attractions between ions and molecules

Weaker than chemical bonding

Hydrogen bonding

Intermolecular force

3D shapes of proteins

DNA

RNA

Solubility

ability of a substance to dissolve in another

polar (charged pos and neg) dissolves in a polar solution and vice versa

Dissociation

Compounds ability to come apart in water

Ions separate in water

Electrolytes

cations and anions that dissociate in H2O

conduct electric current

Nonelectrolytes

molecules that do not dissociate in water

form solutions that do not conduct electric current

Chemical reactions

reactants

products

enzymes

Reactants

substances which enter chemical reactions

Products

substances produced from chemical reactions

A+B=C

A and B = reactants

C = product

Enzymes

proteins that regulate and catalyze chemical reactions

never used up or changed in the reaction

Energy

capacity to do work - chemical reactions in body

potential energy

kinetic energy

Potential Energy

Stored energy that can be used

Kinetic Energy

energy in motion

Synthesis Reactions

2 or more products chemically combine

Something being made

Anabolic reaction

Decomposition Reactions

Reactant chemically broken down to 2 or more products

Catabolic reaction

Reversible Reactions

Reaction can proceed from reactants to products and vice versa

Oxidation Reduction Reactions

Exchange of electrons in ionic or covalent bonding

Oxidation - loss of electron

Reduction - gain of electron