A&P Exam 1 (Chapter1-5)

Anatomy

structure of body parts

Physiology

function of the body

Gross, Macroscopic

large body structures visible to the naked eye

Regional Anatomy

body regions

Systemic Anatomy

body systems

Surface Anatomy

study of internal structures as they relate to the overlaying skin

Cytology

Study of cells

Histology

Study of tissues

Positive Feedback

Body amplifying response to get through trauma

Negative Feedback

Body decreasing response

Anatomical Position

Body facing forward, feet are parallel to each other, arms are at he sides with the palms facing forward

Things for maintaining life

-maintaining boundaries

-movements

-responsiveness

-digestion

-metabolism

-excretion

-reproduction

-growth

Survival Needs

-nutrients

-oxygen

-water

-temp

-atmospheric pressure

Superior

towards head

Inferior

away from head

Anterior

towards front of the body

Posterior

towards back of the body

Medial

Midline of the body

Lateral

Away from midline of the body

Intermediate

Between a more medial and more lateral structure

Proximal

Closer to the origin of the body, the trunk

Distal

Away from trunk of body

Superficial

Toward or at the body surface

Deep

More internal, away from body surface

Dorsal body cavity

Cranial cavity, vertebral cavity

Midsagittal Plane

Vertical plane that divides the body into right and left parts.

Frontal plane

Divides it in front and back parts.

Transverse plane

Cross section and divides it into upper and lower parts.

Parietal

wall of cavity

Visceral

wall of organ

Matter

Anything that has mass and takes up space

Atomic Number

Number of protons

Mass Number

Sum of protons+neurons

Atomic Weight

Average mass of isotopes

Solvent

dissolving medium

Solute

dissolve

Synthesis

Large atoms become smaller ones

Most Abundant Elements

Oxygen, Hydrogen, Carbon and Nitrogen

Ionic Bond

Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another

Covalent Bond

A chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

Hydrogen Bonding

Bonds between hydrogen atom and oxygen atom of another water molecule

Properties of water

-polar molecules

-repels oils

-water releases a lot of heat

-temp measures of molecular motion

-water absorb heat energy

-water acts as a heat reservoir

-increase in energy, increase motion

-water is converted to a gas

-water is excellent solvent

Human blood PH

7.3-7.5

Protons

Positive

Neutrons

Neutral

Electrons

Negative

Isotopes

structural variations, same # of protons dif # of neutrons

Carbohydrate

"Compound containing carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in the approximate ratio of C:2H:O (e.g., sugars, starches, and cellulose)"

Lipid examples

Sterols and Waxes

Cell theory

-cells come from cells

-basic unit of life

-all organisms have 1 or more cells

Hydrophilic head

water loving

Hydrophobic tail

water repelling

Glycolipid

A membrane lipid consisting of a glycerol molecule esteried to two fatty acid chains and a sugar molecule.

Intergral Proteins

Proteins that go all the way through the membrane

What do membrane proteins do?

-transport

-receptors for signal transduction

-attachment to cytoskeleton

-enzyme activity

-intercellular joining

-cell to cell recognition

Glycocalyx

Sugar covering, glycoprotein and glycolipids that form a fuzzy carb rich area at cell surface

Unicellular organisms examples

Bacteria, Ameobae, Parameica

Axial

head neck trunk

Appendicular

limbs

ventral

thoracic cavity (pleural) lungs (pericardial)heart

9 regions of the torso

R/L hypochondriac. Epigastric. R/L Lumbar region. Umbillical. R/L Illiac Region. Hypogastric Pubic region.

Ion

An atom or group of atoms that has gained or lost one or more electrons, thus acquiring a charge.

Valence electrons

Outermost electron level. Participate in chemical bonding.

Cohesion

The ability t resist reputuring when something is stretched or placed under tension

Cell membrane

-seperates inside from outside

-selectively permeable

-made of lipid bilayer

-gives shape to cell

endocytosis

bringing stuff into the cell

exocytosis

expulsion of stuff from the cell

Diffusion

Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Osmosis

Diffusion of molecules through a semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower concentration until the concentration on both sides is equal.

Nucleolus

A specialized structure in the nucleus, formed from various chromosomes and active in the synthesis of ribosomes

Diploid

46 chromosomes