Lesson 9: Carboxylic Acids and Esters

-COOH

the functional group of organic acids

carboxyl group

derived from the combination of carbonyl, and the hydroxyl group

carboxylic acid

organic acids are generally referred to as ___

RCOOH

general formula of carboxylic acids

carboxyl group

the particular grouping of atoms in the functional group of organic acids is called ____

aliphatic or aromatic group

in carboxylic acids, R may either be ___ or ___

COOH

function group for acid

common name

The acids most commonly encountered are known by which name format?

substituted acids

they are named by locating the position of the substituent group by means of the Greek letters alpha (α), beta (β), gamma (γ) and the delta (δ).

alpha

substituted acid name for the first carbon after the carboxyl group (COOH)

beta

substituted acid name for the second carbon after the carboxyl group (COOH)

gamma

substituted acid name for the third carbon after the carboxyl group (COOH)

delta

substituted acid name for the fourth carbon after the carboxyl group (COOH)

parent hydrocarbon

In IUPAC system, the ___ is taken to be the one that corresponds to the longest continuous carbon chain containing the carboxyl group.

trivial root + ic acid

common name format of carboxylic acids

for example: formic acid (H-COOH)

parent alkane + oic acid

IUPAC name format of carboxylic acids

for example: methanoic acid (H-COOH)

oxalic acid

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid composed of two acids

malonic acid

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in which there is one carbon between two acids

succinic acid

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in which there are two carbons between two acids

glutaric acid

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in which there are three carbons between two acids

adipic acid

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in which there are four carbons between two acids

pimelic acid

aliphatic dicarboxylic acid in which there are five carbons between two acids

benzoic acid

benzene with COOH

salicylic acid

benzene with ortho COOH and OH

phthalic acid

benzene with ortho COOH

anthranilic acid

benzene with meta COOH and NH2

p-hydroxyl benzoic acid

benzene with para OH and COOH

esters

they are produced when carboxylic acids are heated with alcohols in the presence of an acid catalyst.

concentrated sulfuric acid

it is usually the catalyst in the preparation of ester

flavorings and perfumes

main use of esters

solvents

us of esters in the chemicals industry

ester

it is a carboxylic derivative in which the -OH portion of the carboxyl group has been replaced with an -OR group.

carboxylic acid + alcohol

the reactants needed to produce esters

name of alkyl group + trivial root of acid + ate

common name format of esters

example:

methyl formate

COOR

functional group of ester

name of alkyl group + name of parent alkane + oate

IUPAC name format of esters

example:

methyl methanoate

carboxylic acid + alcohol > ester + water

equation of preparation of esters