anatomy and physiology 1

Anatomy is the study of?

the study of body structures

Physiology is the study of?

The study of how the body functions

The human body is organized by?

simplest to most complex

a cell is?

the basic structural and functional unit of life

cells work together to form tissues

A tissue is

Groups of similar cells working together to perform a specific function

what are organs

two or more tissue types working together (heart,stomach,brain,lungs)

Organ system are?

Multiple organs working together (digestive system,nervous system,cardiovascular system)

An organism?

the entire living human

C-C-T-O-O-O stands for?

chemical, cellular, tissue, organ, organ system, organize organisms

cell membrane

controls what enters and leaves the cell

Nucleus

Contained DNA, controls activity

Cytoplasm

area inside the cell membrane, but outside the nucleus, where many cell activities occur

Mitochondria

produces energy (ATP)

Ribosomes

makes proteins

what are the 4 primary types of tissues

Epithelial tissue

connective tissue

muscle tissue

nervous tissue

Epithelial tissue

Found on the outside of the body (skin) and on the inside of organs and body structures (digestive tract, blood vessels, etc)

Connective tissue

supports and connects other tissues (bone,blood,fat,tendons & ligaments, cartilage)

Muscle tissue

Main function: Movement

what are the three types of muscle tissue

Skeletal muscle

Cardiac Muscle

Smooth muscle

whats does skeletal muscle do?

moves your body

what does Cardiac Muscle do?

Makes the heart beat

what does smooth muscle do?

Moves things through the organs

Nervous tissue

Main function: communication and control. Found mainly in the Brain,spinal cord and nerves

how many major organ systems are there?

11

integumentary

protects the body

Skeletal

support and protection

Muscular

movement

Nervous

Fast communication and control

endocrine

hormones and regulation

cardiovascular

transports blood

Lymphatic/immune

fights infection and returns fluid

respiratory

brings in oxygen and removes Co2

Digestive

breaks down food and absorbs nutrients

urinary

removes waste and regulates fluids

reproductive

produce sex cells and allows reproduction

anatomical position

the standard position when describing the body. Why? it gives everyone a standard reference point when describing where something is located

Example of anatomical position

The heart is medial to the lungs

superior

above/toward the head (the head is superior to the chest)

Inferior

Below/toward the feet (the stomach is inferior to the heart)

anterior

front of the body (the sternum is anterior to the heart)

posterior

back of the body (the spine is posterior to the heart

medial

toward the middle of the body( the nose was medial to the eyes)

Lateral

away from the middle/toward the side(the ears are lateral to the eyes)

proximal

closer to where a limb attaches to the body (the elbow is proximal to the wrist )

distal

farther from where a limb attaches to the body (the fingers are distal to the elbow)

superficial

closer to the surface of the body (the skin is superficial to the muscle)

deep

farther from the surface of the body (the muscles are deep to the skin)

Sagittal plane

Divides the body into left and right portions

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides the body into front and back portions

Transverse plane

divides the body into upper and lower portions

what is a body cavity

A body cavity is a sace inside the body the contains and protects internal organs

what are the two major body cavities

dorsal and ventral

What does the Dorsal body cavity contain

Located toward the back of the body. Contains the cranial cavity (brain) and Vertebral cavity (spinal cord)

the ventral body cavity is

located toward the front of the body and contains mot of the bodys organs

the ventral is divided into?

thoracic cavity —> heart and lungs

abdominopelvic cavity —→ digestion, urinary, and reproductive organs

The adominal cavity is further divide into

abdominal cavity

pelvic cavity

The Head and neck is divided into 3 regions

Cranial → skull/brain area

Facial → face

cervical → neck

The trunk of the body is divided into what 4 regions

Thoracic → chest

Abdominal → abdominal/belly

Pelvic → pelvis

Dorsal → back

what are the 4 regions of the upper limbs

Brachial → upper arm

Antebrachial → forearm

Carpal → wrist

Manual → hand

what are the 5 regions of the lower limbs

femoral → thigh

Patellar → front of knee

Crural → lower leg

Tarsal → ankle

Pedal→ foot

what are the main functions of the skeletal system?

Supports the body, protects internal organs, helps with movement, stores minerals, and produce blood cells

what does the skeletal system store?

minerals, especially calcium

what does the skeletal system produce

blood cells

what are the major parts of the skeletal system?

bones, cartilage, joints, and ligaments

what does the skull protects?

the brain

what does the rib cage support and protect?

the heart and lungs

what does the spine support and protect?

it supports the body and protects the spinal cord

how does the skeletal system help with movement

bones provide framework that muscles pull on to create movement

what are the main functions of the muscular system?

Produces movement, maintains posture, produces body heat, and moves substances through the body

how does the muscular system help maintain posture?

muscles contract to keep the body in position

how does the muscular system produce body heat?

muscle contractions generate heat

how does the muscular system move substances through the body?

muscle contractions move substances such as food through the digestive tract

what are the 3 major types of muscle ?

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle

what is skeletal muscle?

muscle attached to bones that allows voluntary movement

what does voluntary mean?

you consciously control the movement

where is cardiac muscle found?

in the heart

what does cardiac muscle do?

pumps blood through the body

where is smooth muscle found?

in the wall of organs and blood vessels

what does smooth muscle do?

moves substances through organs and blood vessels

how do the skeletal and muscular systems work together?

bones provide support/framework, while muscle contract and pull on bones to produce movement

which system is responsible for producing movement Skeletal or muscular

both work together, but the muscular system provides the force and the skeletal muscle provides the framework

what is the main function of the nervous system?

it controls and coordinates the body

what does the nervous system do with information it recives

it processes the information

what does the nervous system respond to?

stimuli

how does the nervous system help with movement

it controls movement by sending signals to muscles

what are the 3 major parts of the nervous system

brain, spinal cord, and nerves

what does the brain do?

processes information and controls the body

what does the spinal cord do?

carries messages between the brain and the body

what do nerves do?

carry signals throughout the body

how does the nervous system communicate?

using electrical signals and chemical signals

what is a stimulus?

a change in the environment that the nervous system detects and responds to

what detects a stimulus

sensory nerves

after sensory nerves detect a stimulus, where does the message travel?

to the spinal cord and/ or the brain

what happens after the nervous system receives the message

it processes the information and produces a response

what happens when you touch soemthing hot?

sensory nerves detect it→message travels to the spinal cord/brain → nervous system processes it → muscles respond → you pull your hand away

when you touch something hot, what detects the heat?

sensory nerves

what produces the response of pulling your hand away

muscles responding to nervous system signals

what is the basic job of the nervous system

sense → respond → respond

what carries the message toward the central nerve system (CNS)

nerves

what are the main functions of the cardiovascular system?

transports oxygen, nutrients, hormones, and waste; pumps blood; helps maintain homeostasis; and helps regulate body temp