Section 3, Conundrum 12 William and Mary, Cognitive Psychology 311, Professor Ball

Casey (2016) suggests that there are three requirements for achieving the ‘best’ operational definition of intelligence. what are they?

1. researchers should reflect on and clarify potential operational definitions

2. researchers should specify the differences between the construct and what is studied via their operational definition

3. researchers should assess and defend the translational validity of their operational definition.

reaction time and inspection time tasks are tests that rely on what?

quantitative measurements of neural processing speed

working memory tests correlated highly with what?

IQ tests

what is one way to measure executive function performance?

by measuring executive dysfunction that can result from damage to the frontal cortex

what is a popular way to measure intelligence without linguistic understanding?

use of figural inductive reasoning problems

The Raven’s Matrices IQ test relies solely on what?

figural reasoning problems

IQ is a very ____ measure

reliable

what does IQ stand for?

intelligence quotient

IQ tests typically rely on a battery of what?

sub-tests that measure specific abilities and use complex statistical procedures to derive the overall factor structure of intelligence

what did Spearman pioneer the use of?

‘g’ as a hypothetical factor

what does ‘g’ influence and how is it calculated?

the scores on ability tests and can be calculated using the statistical procedure of factor analysis

Who split ‘g’ into two factors?

Horn and Cattell

what is Gf?

fluid intelligence

what is Gc?

crystalized intelligence

why are most cognitive researchers interested by fluid intelligence?

it pertains to a person’s ability to reason and solve in novel or unfamiliar situations

Carroll developed what kind of model of intelligence?

three-stratum, hierarchical

what is ‘experiential intelligence’? (Sternberg)

intelligence shown when developing expertise and finding creative solutions to novel problems

what is ‘contextual intelligence’ (Sternberg)

intelligence needed to adapt to different environments and contexts

Howard Gardner’s intelligence approach incorporates a wide range of

skills and abilities

what do brain anatomy models suggest?

there is a relationship between brain size and intelligence

The larger the brain, the _____ an individual’s IQ

higher

what specific regions of the brain contribute more towards the brain anatomy model than overall size?

hippocampus, frontal cortex, temporal cortex

Albert Einstein’s brain does not support what?

the size and IQ correlation

what do the neural network models suggest?

local and global neural networks could play a role in intelligence

results are ___ for supporting a brain network efficiency model of intelligence

mixed

what do the mental speed models suggest?

higher intelligence results from faster neural processing in the brain

how are the mental speed models supported?

by correlations between simple RT and inspection time tasks and IQ scores

faster mental processing could reflect what?

faster nerve conduction or more efficient synaptic transmission

Schubert (2017) did NOT find what?

a global neural speed advantage shown in the ERP research

ERP indicators correlated better with what?

IQ

what did the Schubert (2017) researchers suggest?

that higher-order processing may be the source of the intelligence advantage, especially in the frontal-temporal-parietal networks

what does the working memory model suggest about intelligence?

the central executive of working memory, and specifically the control of attention, could be an important factor that contributes to intelligence

Engle and colleagues have reported correlations between _____ and IQ scores

working memory

what is the most popular current model of intelligence?

frontal-executive function model

what does the frontal-executive function model relate to?

the performance of executive functions and involves the frontal cortex

what relationships support the frontal-executive function model?

the ones found between performance on executive function tasks and IQ scores, similar brain activity observed when performing exec function tasks and intelligence tasks, and the fact that both exec function performance and fluid intelligence scores decline with age

what is a challenge for accepting the frontal-executive funtion model?

patients who do well on IQ tests but poorly on executive function tasks after experiencing frontal cortex damage