aphug unit 1-2

age cohort

A group of the same ages often seen in population pyramids (in 5 year intervals)

agricultural density

the measurement of the number of farmers per unit area of arable land

antinatalism

Policies intended to discourage people from having children with the goal of lowering the birth rate

arithmetic density

the measurement of population density calculated by dividing the total population of an area by its total land area

asylum seeker

an individual who has fled their home country due to persecution or fear of persecution and is seeking protection and refugee status in another country

brain drain/gain

the emigration of highly skilled or educated individuals from one country to another, often leading to a loss of talent and expertise in the home country

carrying capacity

the maximum population size that an environment can sustainably support given its available resources and technologies

chain migration

when immigrants move to a new place based on connections with others from their home community who have already settled there

Cornucopian

the belief that technological innovation and human ingenuity will continually provide solutions to resource scarcity

crude birth rate (CBR)

Number of births per 1000 people

crude death rate (CDR)

Number of deaths per 1000 people

demographic momentum

the tendency for a population to continue growing even after fertility rates have declined, due to a youthful age structure and the momentum of past population growth

demographics

the statistical study of human populations, including characteristics such as age, gender, ethnicity, income, and migration patterns

diaspora

the dispersion of a population from their original homeland to other parts of the world, often maintaining cultural or ethnic ties to their ancestral land

doubling time

Time it takes for a population to double

epidemiological transition

the shift from high mortality due to infectious diseases to low mortality from chronic diseases as societies undergo changes such as economic development and improved healthcare

guest worker

a foreign national who is temporarily employed in a country other than their own, typically to fill labor shortages in specific industries

internal migration

the movement of people within a country from one place to another

internally displaced person (IDP)

people who were forced to leave their homes, but are still in the country's borders

international migration

movement of people across national borders, typically involving a permanent or long-term change of residence from one country to another

intervening obstacle/opportunity

a factor, such as a physical barrier or economic opportunity, that hinders or facilitates migration between two points

J-curve

a graphic that depicts a rapid increase in population size following the initial decline, resulting from a sustained high birth rate and declining death rates, characteristic of many developing countries undergoing demographic transition

life expectancy (longevity rate)

the average number of years a person is expected to live, typically calculated from birth, and influenced by factors such as healthcare, socioeconomic status, and lifestyle choices.

Thomas Malthus

created the theory that food production would not support population in future or that population growth would surpass food supply

migration selectivity

the tendency for certain demographic groups, such as young adults or skilled workers, to be more likely to migrate than others, influencing the composition and characteristics of migrant populations.

naturalization

the legal process through which individuals who are not born citizens of a country acquire citizenship

Neo Malthusian

Reflects contemporary concerns over population growth's potential strains on non-renewable resources and environmental degradation that may lead to social, political, or economic catastrophe

overpopulation

when the number of people in a specific area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support their needs at a sustainable level

physiological density

number of people per acre of arable land

Greying of a population

most of the population are above the age of 65

population pyramid

a graphical representation illustrating the age and gender distribution of a population, typically displaying age cohorts on the horizontal axis and population size on the vertical axis

pronatalism

government policies or societal attitudes that promote higher birth rates within a population

pull factor

conditions or circumstances in a destination location that attract migrants to move there, such as economic opportunities, political stability, or better living conditions

push factor

conditions or circumstances within a location that encourage individuals to migrate away from it, such as poverty, political instability, or environmental disasters

Ravenstein’s Laws

patterns of migration, including the tendency for migrants to move short distances, progress from rural to urban areas, and favor movement from less developed to more developed regions, influenced by factors like age, gender, education, and economic opportunities

refugee

a person who has been forced to flee their home country due to persecution, conflict, or violence and seeks refuge in another country, often with the protection of international law

replacement fertility

the level of fertility necessary for a population to replace itself without considering migration, typically around 2.1 children per woman, accounting for mortality rates

S-curve

pattern of growth that many populations undergo, showing initial slow growth, followed by rapid expansion, and then stabilization as birth and death rates balance out

sex ratio

a demographic measure that compares the number of males to females in a population, usually expressed as the number of males per 100 females

step migration

the process where migrants move to a series of intermediate locations before reaching their final destination, often influenced by factors such as economic opportunities or family connections along the way

total fertility rate (TFR)

the average number of children born to a woman during her reproductive years, typically considered between the ages of 15 and 49

transhumance

A seasonal movement of livestock

undocumented migrant

individuals who have migrated to a country without legal authorization, often evading official immigration processes and lacking proper documentation of their status

zero-population growth

a demographic condition where a population's births and deaths balance out, resulting in no net increase or decrease in population size over time

cartogram

The size of countries according to a certain statistic (ex. population size)

cartographic scale

Ratio of size on the map to size of what it represents in the real world. (ex. 1 in= 10 mi or 1:200

choropleth map

Uses various colors or patterns to often show quantitative data.

data scale (scale of analysis)

The size of the lens through which we view a given geographic area. Ex: Global

distance-decay

The idea in which when things are far apart they tend to be less connected and loose strength of interaction.

dot distribution map

Distribution of something across a map

environmental determinism

the theory that suggests human behaviors and societal development are primarily shaped by geographical factors and natural environment

formal (uniform) region

Regions that are united by one or more trait such as: Political

functional (nodal) region

Regions organized around a focal point and are defined by activity

geographic scale

refers to the area of the world being studied

GIS

a computer system for capturing

GPS

A system using US satellights to provide an accurate location almost anywhere on earth

isoline map

Uses lines that connect points of equal value on a map

map projection (map distortion)

Misinterpretation of shape

Mercator projection

A map designed for tracking navigation

perceptual (vernacular) region

They are defined by the informal sense of place that people ascribe to them. Boundaries of these regions vary wildly because of different perceptions. Ex: The American "South"

possibilism

A view that acknowledges limits on the effects of the natural environment and focuses more on the role that human culture plays

proportional symbol map (graduated symbol map)

Uses symbols of different sizes to indicate different amounts of something

region

a defined area characterized by certain features or attributes

relative distance

the measurement of distance between places not solely in terms of physical units (such as miles or kilometers)

remote sensing the use of satellite or aerial-based technologies to gather information about Earth's surface without direct physical contact

Robinson Projection

The Robinson projection is a map projection that balances distortions in shape

time-space compression

the concept that technological advancements and globalization have effectively reduced the perceived distance between places