Untitled Flashcards Set

Industrial Revolution

A period in which manufacturing shifted from rural to urban, with the development of factories and mass production, beginning in 18th century England.

The Great Exhibition of 1851

A celebration of technological advancements of the Industrial Revolution held in London, featuring the Crystal Palace and attracting over 6 million visitors.

Bessemer process

A revolutionary method for producing steel on a large scale, invented by Sir Henry Bessemer in the 1850s, allowing for uniform and cheaper steel production.

Corn Laws

Regulations limiting the import of foreign grain to protect British landowners, which led to high grain prices and social unrest.

The Hungry 40s

A period in early 1840s Britain characterized by economic depression, high unemployment, and high bread prices due to the Corn Laws.

Irish Potato Famine (1845-1851)

A period of famine in Ireland caused by potato blight, leading to mass starvation, eviction of farmers, and significant emigration.

commercial revolution

A period of rapid economic growth in Europe from the 16th to the 19th century, marked by increased trade and the rise of modern capitalism.

zollverein

The Customs Union of German states established by Prussia in 1834 to promote free trade and economic unity.

Factory Act of 1833

Legislation that established a minimum working age of nine and limited work hours for child laborers, requiring education for them.

Mines Act of 1842

Prohibited women and children from working underground in coal mines, marking a significant governmental intervention for worker protection.

Ten Hours Act of 1847

Limited the workday for women and children in the textile industry to ten hours.

Concert of Europe

An agreement between major European powers to maintain the balance of power and suppress revolutionary movements following the Congress of Vienna.

conservatism

An ideology favoring tradition and social stability, advocating for established institutions and resistance to abrupt changes.

Joseph de Maistre

A French philosopher known for advocating hierarchical organization of society for stability in his work "Considerations on France."

War of Greek Independence

The conflict from 1821 to 1832 in which Greeks fought for independence from Ottoman rule, inspiring other European movements.

Decembrist Revolt in Russia

A failed coup attempt in 1825 by Russian army officers advocating for liberal reforms against the absolutist regime of Nicholas I.

Polish rebellion

An unsuccessful uprising from 1830-1831 in which Polish nationalists attempted to regain independence from Russia.

July Revolution in France

A violent insurrection in 1830 leading to the overthrow of King Charles X, resulting in the rise of Louis Philippe as a constitutional monarch.

liberalism

An ideology advocating for individual freedoms, limited government intervention in the economy, and civil rights within a constitutional framework.

marxism

The socio-economic theories of Karl Marx, centered on class struggle, advocating for a proletariat uprising to establish a classless society.

utopian socialists

19th-century thinkers who sought to create a society based on equality and collective ownership, contrasting with the capitalist model.

socialism

An ideology promoting government ownership of production and distribution, advocating for reforms like minimum wage within a capitalist framework.

feminism

The early movement in Europe focusing on women's rights and opportunities, including education and property ownership, dating back to the 18th century.