Biopsychology Exam #2

the hole is found within the iris where the light can enter

pupil

ability to see details of the object

acuity

A condition in where two irises are different in colors

Heterochromia

When focused on something near, lens is _____

cylindrical

When focused on something far away, the lens is ___

flattened

the outermost surface of the eye in the front. It is clear and dome shaped

cornea

thin layer behind the cornea

iris

the part of the eye beyond the lens

retina

indentation at the center of the retina

fovea

What are photoreceptors?

Rods and Cones

highly sensitive to light and help with vision in dim light

rod

how sensitive our eyes are to different colors of light across a visible spectrum and done in wavelengths

Spectral Sensitivity Curve

A condition where a person has difficulty distinguishing certain colors- has to do with missing one or more of the cone systems

color blindness

One of the 3 different types of photopigments coats each cone, each photopigments reacts optimally to a particular part of the spectrum

Trichromatic Theory

is the process of detecting the presence of a stimuli

sensation

is shaped by prior knowledge, expectations, and attention

perception

Eyes detecting light is

sensation

Eyes recognizing a face is

perception

Damage to the anterior auditory cortex

results in trouble identifying sounds

Damage to the posterior auditory cortex

difficulty locating sounds

inability to recognize objects by touch

asterognosia

inability to recognize one own body

asomatognosia

the failure of patients to recognize their own symptoms

anosognosia

no stimulus sending a signal for pain, yet pain is reported

Example- diabetic neuropathy

neuropathic pain

When the brain uses existing information to interpret sensory information

top-down processing

What is neuroplasticity?

Brain's ability to change and adapt due to experience. Brain's ability to change, reorganize, or grow neural networks.

Mass of cells that form independently of the rest of the body

tumors

difficult to remove and tissue left behind is likely to regrow

malignant

________ are the most abundant type of malignant brain tumor

gliomas

What type of tumors are passed through the bloodstream or transmission from one organ to another?

metastatic

Many types of metastatic tumor's form in the ____

lungs

Symptoms of Brain Tumors

Headaches

Seizures

Vision changes

Weakness and paralysis

Mental or behavioral change

Nausea and vomiting

Dizziness

Difficulty thinking or speaking

Sudden onset cerebrovascular disorders that cause serious brain damage

stroke

The area of a dead or dying tissue produced by a stroke is called an ____

infract

strokes can cause

Amnesia- memory loss

Aphasia- language disorder

Mental illness

Dementia

Paralysis- loss of muscle function

Bleeding in the brain

bleeding in the brain

disruptions of the blood supply to an area of the brain

cerebral ischemia

blood clot, air, fat, oil, bubble- blocks the blood flow to an area of the brain

thrombosis

embolus is carried in the blood stream from a larger vessel to a smaller one causing it to be lodged

embolism

wall of a blood vessel actually thickens, and the channel narrow which leads to blockage

Arteriosclerosis

When a microorganism invades the brain resulting in inflammation

Inflammation is known as encephalitis

brain infection

Can cause hearing or speech loss, blindness, permanent brain damage seizure, memory loss

meningitis

passed by genital sores from one person to another

This bacteria can go dormant for several years before attacking parts of the brain

syphilis

takes roughly a month to attack the brain

rabies

an spread to the brain but typically attack other tissues first

herpes

high levels of lead, mercury or other chemicals cause damage to the brain

toxic psychosis

involuntary movement within the body due to chronic exposure of medication

tardive dyskinesia

genetic program within neurons and other cells for destroying themselves

apoptosis

Is apoptosis slow or fast?

slow

passive cell death resulting from injury

necrosis

- happens fast

Pre-seizure activity is called what and what occurs during this?

This is called epileptic auras

Bad smells, hallucination, tightness of chest, psychological changes

Focal seizures involve

one part of the brain

generalized seizures involve

the entire brain

usually starts in the temporal lobe, but does not spread from there

complex seizures

Absent seizures

Absence seizure- primary symptom is loss of consciousness- blank stare

Symptoms include tremors, muscle rigidity, slowness of movement, and mask like face

Patients report feeling trapped in their body that they cannot control

Parkinson's Disease

Slow progressive disease that attacks the myelin of axons in the CNS

multiple sclerosis

In The Case of H.M., they removed his what?

Removed his bilateral medial temporal lobectomy

Retrograde Amnesia means

memory from before

Explicit Memories

experiences, conscious

Implicit Memories

unconscious

Episodic Memory

experiences

Semantic memory

words or numbers

Results from thiamine deficiency

Wernicke Korsakoff Syndrome

process by which the brain transformers fragile, short term memories into stable, long term memories, often occurring during sleep

consolidation

Where are memories stored?

All over the brain

hemorrhage

ruptures

ischemia

clots

In Parkinson's disease there is little

dopamine

_____________ occurs due to a serious blow to the head and or repeated blows to the head

________ is the dementia in response to these blows

- seen in NFL players

cannot be diagnosed without an autopsy

Chronic Traumatic Encephalopathy (CTE)

gives our eyes their color

iris

1st layer of retina

retinal ganglion cells

Specialized for high acuity vision

fovea

receives the majority of the input from the thalamic relay nuclei of the system

primary sensory cortex

____________ position of the body that comes from signals sent by muscles, joints, and organs of balance

- somatosensory

proprioceptive system

•where the axons of retinal ganglion cells penetrate the retina and exit the eye (this area has no receptors, creating a blind spot.

optic disk

the conceptualization of the retina as containing two different types of photoreceptors (rods and cones)

duplexity theory

(cone mediated vision) good lighting and high acuity, allows for color to be more present

photopic vision

(rod mediated vision) lacks in detail and color but increases light

scotopic vision

•these help you see in black in white, they help you see more shaped and movement when it is dim or dark out

rods

these cells work well in the bright light and help you see more of the shades of color and acuity of what you are looking at

cones

After surgery HM could not form

•However, he could not form long-term memories (anterograde amnesia)

the process where reactivated long-term memories become temporarily unstable and susceptible to modification before being restabilized, essentially allowing for the updating of stored memories

reconsolidation