Biology Midterm Review

Solution

• A mixture that forms when one substance dissolves another.

• Ex. Salt water

Solute

• A substance that is dissolved in a solution.

• Ex. Salt

Solvent

• A liquid substance capable of dissolving other substances

• Ex. Water

Bases

• Formed when high concentrations of OH- (hydroxide) ions are formed (pH 8-14)

• Ex. Bleach, Ammonia, Soap

Acids

• Formed when high concentrations of H+(hydrogen) ions are formed (pH 0-6)

• Ex. Lemon Juice, Vinegar, Acid Rain, Tomato Juice

Neutrality

H+ ions = OH- ions (pH 7)

A solution with a pH of 4 is ______ more _______with a pH of 5

10x, acidic

A solution with a pH of 3 is ______ more _______with a pH of 5

100x, acidic

All organic molecules contain . . .

carbon

Carbohydrates (CPCMPS)

• CHO

  1:2:1

• Primary energy

  source

• Cell walls in plants

• Monosaccharides

• Polysaccharides

• Sugar, glucose, starch, glycogen

Protein (CSAPS)

• CHNO

• Structure & function (enzymes)

• Amino acids

• Protein

• Structural proteins & enzymes

Fats/Lipids (CEFFS

• CH (little O)

• Energy storage

• Membranes

• Fatty acids

• Fats & lipids

• Solid fat, oils,

  waxes, steroids,

  cholesterol

Nucleic acid (CGNDD)

• CHNOP

• Genetic information

• Nucleotides

• DNA/RNA

What effect do enzymes have on chemical reactions?

they speed up chemical reactions

What factors tend to affect the function of enzymes? How do they affect enzymes?

pH & temperature; denature enzyme, prevent binding to substrate

Reactants

Materials that enter a reaction

Products

Materials that are made in a reaction

Activation energy

Energy needed to start a chemical reaction

Substrate

Molecule that an enzyme reacts with

Active site

The part of the enzyme where substrates bind and a chemical reaction takes place.

Enzymes . . . (OC)

• Only reacts with specific substrates

• can be used again and again after reactions

Eukaryotic cell (NMDCLA)

• Contains a nucleus

• contains membrane bound organelles

• contains dna

• contains cell membrane

• larger, more complex

• animals, plants, fungi, protists. . . (non- bacteria)

Prokaryotic cell (NNDCSB)

• No nucleus

• no membrane bound organelles

• contains dna

• contains cell membrane

• smaller, less complex

• bacteria

animal cell (ERNMCS)

• eukaryote

• rounded

• no cell wall

• mitochondria

• performs cellular respiration

• smaller vacuoles

plant cell (ESCCMP/CL)

• eukaryote

• square/rectangular

• cell wall

• chloroplasts

• mitochondria

• performs photosynthesis/cellular respiration

• large central vacuoles

Cell membrane main function

Controls/regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Photosynthesis formula

CO2 + H2O (Light energy) →C6H12O6 + O2

Primary organelles in eukaryotes (photosynthesis)

Chloroplasts

Why does photosynthesis happen

To make glucose

Cellular respiration

O2 + C6H12O6 →CO2 + H2O + ATP

Primary organelle in eukayotes (cellular respiration)

Mitochondria

Why does cellular respiration happen

To make ATP/energy

The mitochondria are double-membrane bound organelles that produce most of the cell’s . . .

ATP/Energy

What would you expect to happen to the blood’s glucose levels as a person exercises for a prolonged period of time? Why?

Blood glucose levels would drop because glucose is being consumed through cellular respiration in the body's cells in order to create energy

Fermentation

allows the cell to continue to produce ATP even in the absence of oxygen (when cellular respiration cannot occur)

Cell division through mitosis is used . . .

• to create more cells for growth

• to create more cells for healing

Order of phases

Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase

Prophase (NCS)

• Nuclear envelope breaks down

• Chromatids shorten and condense

• Spindles form and begin to attach to chromatids

Metaphase

Chromatids align in the center of the cell

Anaphase

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite ends of the cell

Telophase (CNC)

• Chromosomes loosen and lengthen

• nuclear envelopes begin to reform

• cells begin to separate

G1 phase

cell grows and develops

S phase

dna replicates

G2 phase

cell prepares for division

M phase (MC)

• mitosis

• cytokinesis

Mitosis

nucleus and dna divide

cytokinesis

cytoplasm is divided

One nucleotide contains . . .

• sugar (deoxyribose or ribose)

• phosphate

• nitrogenous base

Which part of the nucleotide ultimately carries the genetic code?

nitrogenous bases

DNA replication

dna is copied

transcription

DNA makes RNA

translation

mRNA sequence is used to create amino acid sequence

DNA v RNA (DDALCO)

• DNA: Double stranded, RNA: Single stranded

• DNA: Deoxyribose, RNA: Ribose

• DNA: A T C G, RNA: A U C G

• DNA: Larger, RNA: Smaller

• DNA: Can’t leave nucleus, RNA: Can leave nucleus

• DNA: One form, RNA: Several forms

• Organic molecule: nucleic acid

• monomer: nucleotide

• contains phosphate

Mutation (AMA)

any change in the DNA

• May change the protein ultimately coded for

• amino acid sequence may change by one amino acid, many amino acids, or none at all

frameshift (ICS)

• Insertion and Deletion

• change all codons/amino acids at/after mutation

• substitutions affect one amino acid

Point mutation (SA)

• single DNA bases are changed

• affecting one gene