Lab Practical 1

PA of Gluteus Maximus Muscle

 Ilium posterior to posterior gluteal line; dorsal surface of sacrum and coccyx; sacrotuberous ligament.

DA of Gluteus Maximus Muscle

iliotibial tract (lateral condyle of tibia); gluteal tuberosity

Innovation of Gluteus Maximus Muscle

 Inferior gluteal nerve (L5, S1, S2)

Action of Gluteus Maximus Muscle

Extends hip joint (especially from flexed position) and assists in lateral rotation; fixes hip joint and assists in rising from sitting position.

PA of Gluteus Medius

 External surface of ilium between anterior and posterior gluteal lines.

DA of Gluteus Medius

Lateral surface of greater trochanter of femur.

Innovation of Gluteus Medius

 Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1)

Action of Gluteus Medius

 Abduct and medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight bearing and advance opposite (unsupported) side during its swing phase.

PA of Gluteus Minimus

 External surface of ilium between anterior and inferior gluteal lines.

DA of Gluteus Minimus

 Anterior surface of greater trochanter of femur.

Innovation of Gluteus Minimus

 Superior gluteal nerve (L5, S1).

Action of Gluteus Minimus

Abduct and medially rotate hip joint; keep pelvis level when ipsilateral limb is weight bearing and advance opposite (unsupported) side during its swing phase.

PA of Piriformis Muscle

 Anterior surface of sacrum; sacrotuberous ligament.

DA of Piriformis Muscle

 Superior border of greater trochanter of femur.

Innovation of Piriformis Muscle

 Branches of anterior rami of S1 and S2

Action of Piriformis Muscle

Laterally rotate extended hip joint and abduct hip joint when flexed; stabilize hip joint

PA of Obturator Internus Muscle

 Pelvic surface of obturator membrane and surrounding bones

DA of Obturator Internus Muscle

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

Innovation of Obturator Internus Muscle

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

Action of Obturator Internus Muscle

 Laterally rotate extended hip joint and abduct hip joint when flexed; stabilize hip joint

PA of Obturator Externus

Margins of obturator foramen and obturator membrane

DA of Obturator Externus

Trochanteric fossa of femur

Innovation of Obturator Externus

Obturator nerve (L3, L4) 

Action of Obturator Externus

 Laterally rotates hip joint; stabilizes hip joint

PA of Superior Gemellus

 Ischial spine

DA of Superior Gemellus

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

Innovation of Superior Gemellus

Nerve to obturator internus (L5, S1)

Action of Superior Gemellus

 Laterally rotate extended hip joint and abduct hip joint when flexed; stabilize hip joint

PA of Inferior Gemellus

Ischial tuberosity

DA of Inerior Gemellus

Medial surface of greater trochanter (trochanteric fossa) of femur

Innovation of Inerior Gemellus

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

Action of Inerior Gemellus

Laterally rotate extended hip joint and abduct hip joint when flexed; stabilize hip joint

PA of Quadratus Femoris

 Lateral border of ischial tuberosity

DA of Quadratus Femoris

Quadrate tubercle on intertrochanteric crest of femur and area inferior to it

Innovation of Quadratus Femoris

Nerve to quadratus femoris (L5, S1)

Action of Quadratus Femoris

Laterally rotates hip joint; stabilizes hip joint

SA of Quadratus Lumborum

Medial half of inferior border of 12th ribs and tips of lumbar transverse processes

DA of Quadratus Lumborum

Iliolumbar ligament and internal lip of iliac crest

Innovation of Quadratus Lumborum

Anterior branches of T12 and L1–L4 nerves

Action of Quadratus Lumborum

Extends and laterally flexes vertebral column; fixes 12th rib during inspiration

PA of Psoas Major

Sides of T12–L5 vertebrae and discs between them; transverse processes of all lumbar vertebrae

DA of Psoas Major

Lesser trochanter of femur

Innovation of Psoas Major

Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2, L3)

Action of Psoas Major

Act conjointly in flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint and in stabilizing this joint when standing

PA of Iliacus

Iliac crest, iliac fossa, ala of sacrum, and anterior sacro-iliac ligaments

DA of Iliacus

Tendon of psoas major, lesser trochanter, and femur distal to it

Innovation of Iliacus

Femoral nerve (L2, L3)

Action of Iliacus

Act conjointly in flexion and lateral rotation of hip joint and in stabilizing this joint when standing

PA of Psoas Minor

Sides of T12–L1 vertebrae and intervertebral discs

DA of Psoas Minor

Pectineal line and iliopubic eminence via iliopectineal arch

Innovation of Psoas Minor

Anterior rami of lumbar nerves (L1, L2)

Action of Psoas Minor

Flexion of pelvis on lumbar spine, pelvic stabilizer

PA of Pectinous

Superior ramus of pubis

DA of Pectinous

Pectineal line of femur, just inferior to lesser trochanter

Innovation of Pectinous

Femoral nerve (L2, L3); may receive a branch from obturator nerve

Action of Pectinous

Adducts and slightly flexes hip joint; assists with lateral rotation

PA of Adductor Longus

Body of pubis inferior to pubic crest

DA of Adductor Longus

Middle third of linea aspera of femur

Innervation of Adductor Longus

Obturator nerve and branch of anterior division (L2, L3, L4)

Action of Longus

Adducts hip joint

PA of Gracilis

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

DA of Gracilis

Superior part of medial surface of tibia (as part of pes anserinus)

Innovation of Gracilis

Obturator nerve (L2, L3)

Action of Gracilis

Adducts hip joint; flexes knee joint, medially rotating it when flexed

PA of Adductor Brevis

Body and inferior ramus of pubis

DA of Adductor Brevis

Pectineal line and proximal part of linea aspera of femur

Innovation of Adductor Brevis

Obturator nerve and branch of anterior division (L2, L3, L4)

Action of Adductor brevis

Adducts hip joint and, to some extent, flexes it

PA of Adductor Magnus - Adductor Portion

Inferior ramus of pubis and ramus of ischium

DA of Adductor Magnus - Adductor Portion

Gluteal tuberosity, linea aspera, and medial supracondylar line

Innovation of Adductor Magnus - Adductor Portion

Obturator nerve (L2, L3, L4) and branches of posterior division

Action of Adductor Magnus - Adductor Portion

Adducts hip joint; flexes hip joint

PA of Adductor Magnus - Hamstring Portion

Ischial tuberosity

DA of Adductor Magnus - Hamstring Portion

Adductor tubercle of femur

Innovation of Adductor Magnus - Hamstring Portion

Tibial part of sciatic nerve (L4)

Action of Adductor Magnus - Hamstring Portion

Adducts hip joint; extends hip joint

PA of Trapezius

• Medial third of superior nuchal line

• External occipital protuberance nuchal ligament;

• Spinous processes of C7–T12 vertebrae

DA of trapezius

• Lateral third of clavicle

• Acromion

• Spine of the scapula

Innovation of Trapezius

• Spinal accessory nerve (CN XI) and cervical spinal nerves C3 and C4 (pain and proprioceptive fibers)

Muscle Action of Trapezius

• Descending part elevates

• Ascending part depresses

• Middle part (or all parts together)

  retracts scapula;

• Descending and ascending parts act together to rotate glenoid cavity superiorly

PA of Latissimus Dorsi

• Spinous processes of inferior 6 thoracic vertebrae

• thoracolumbar fascia

• iliac crest

• inferior 3 or 4 ribs

DA of Latissimus Dorsi

• Floor of intertubercular sulcus of humerus

Innovation of Latissimus Dorsi

• Thoracodorsal nerve (C6, C7, C8)

Muscle Action of Latissimus Dorsi

• Extends, adducts, and medially rotates humerus

• Raises body toward arms during climbing

PA of Rhomboid Major

• Spinous processes of T2–T5 vertebrae

DA of Rhomboid Major

• Medial border of scapula from level of spine to inferior angle

Innovation of Rhomboid Major

• Dorsal scapular nerve (C4, C5)

Muscle Action of Rhomboid Major

• Retract scapula and rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly

• Fix scapula to thoracic wall

PA of Rhomboid Minor

• Nuchal Ligament

• Spinous processes of C7 and T1 vertebrae

DA of Rhomboid Minor

• Smooth triangular area at medial end of scapular spine

Innovation of Rhomboid Minor

Dorsal scapular nerve (C4,C5)

Muscle Action of Rhomboid Minor

• Retract scapula and rotate its glenoid cavity inferiorly

• Fix scapula to thoracic wall

PA of Levator Scapulae

• Posterior tubercles of transverse processes of C1–C4 vertebrae

DA of Levator Scapulae

• Medial border of scapula superior to root of scapular spine

Innovation of Levator Scapulae

• Dorsal scapular (C4, C5)

• Cervical (C3, C4) nerves

Muscle Action of Levator Scapulae

• Elevates scapula and rotates its glenoid cavity inferiorly by rotating scapula

PA of Splenius Capitis

• Nuchal ligament and

  spinous processes of

  C7–T6 vertebrae

DA of Splenius Capitis

• Fibers run superolaterally

  to mastoid process of temporal bone and

  lateral third of superior nuchal line of

  occipital bone.

Innovation of Splenius Capitis

• Posterior rami of medial cervical spinal nerves

Muscle Action of Splenius Capitis

• Unilateral Action: laterally flexes the neck and rotates the head to side of active muscles

• Bilateral Action: extend the head and neck