Osteology terminology

contains blood, lymphatic vessels and nerves

central haversian canal

rings of bone round the haversian canal

lamellae

spaces between the lamellae which contain osteocytes

lacunae

channels carrying nutrient fluid. connect the lacunae and communicate with haversian canal

canaliculi

fill the spaces between adjacent haversian systems

interstital lamellae

rings of bone round the edge of the bone

Circumferential lamellae

join the various haversian canals

Volkmann's canals

membrane which surrounds the bone, except at the articular surfaces

Periosteum

takes place in a membrane. At point of ossification, osteogenic fibres and bone cells appear in the connective tissue and Ca+ salts are deposited to form osteoid tissue. Ossification spreads from the centre outwards.

Intramembranous ossification

The process by which bone formation takes place

Intracartilaginous ossification

supports soft tissue

supports the body weight

enables movement

protects organs, e.g., the brain

stores calcium

produces blood cells from the red bone marrow.

function of bone

bone tissue

bone cells

bone marrow

epiphyseal cartilage

periosteum

blood to the bone supplies…

nutrient foramina

large blood vessels enter the bone - what are they called?

feeds the bone then drains into venous channels which leave the bone through the surfaces which are not covered with articular hyaline cartilage

what does the arterial blood do?

a shaft of compact bone with a central medullary cavity.

The expanded ends are formed by cancellous bone covered with compact bone

describe features of long bone

formed by cancellous bone with a thin covering of compact bone, giving strength but with limited movement

describe features of short bones

thin layer of cancellous bone enclosed in two thin layers of compact bone.

Found where protection for underlying organs/extensive muscle attachment is required

features of flat bones

composed of cancellous bone surrounded by a thin layer of compact bone

features of irregular bones

develop in tendons, near joint

main function to protect tendon from wear as it moves over the bony surface.

features of Sesamoid bones

Uniaxial joints (movement round one axis) - flexion and extension

Types of synovial joints - Synovial hinge joints

Uniaxial joints - flexion, extension and rotation

Synovial condylar joints

Biaxial joints (movement round 2 axes)

flexion, extension, abduction and adduction

Synovial ellipsoid joints

Biaxial joints

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction and a degree of axial rotation

Synovial saddle joints

Uniaxial joints - rotation only

Synovial pivot joints

Multiaxial joints (movement around more than 2 axes)

flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, rotation and circumduction

Synovial ball and socket joints

gliding only

Synovial plane joints

joints usually have no movement. bones joined by fibrous tissue.

features of fibrous joints

limited movement up to age 20, then joints become fixed

limited to joints between bones of the skull

Types: Sutures

minimal movement

between the teeth and the jaws

Gomphoses

In these joints the bones are held together by an interosseous ligament or membrane - variable movement

Syndesmoses

These joints either have no movement or minimal movement and are joined by a layer of cartilage.

Cartilaginous joints (amphiarthroses)

absent or minimal movement

Examples: sternocostal joints (minimal movement)

joint between the diaphysis and epiphysis of a growing long bone –temporary joint with no movement

Types of cartilaginous joints - Synchondrosis

ends of the bone are covered with articular hyaline cartilage and are joined by a disc of fibrocartilage and surrounding ligaments.

variable movement

Symphysis

function of periosteum