Angiosperms

Flowering plants

Plants that produce seeds enclosed within a fruit.

Angeous

Greek word meaning "vessel."

Sperma

Greek word meaning "seed."

Flowers

Reproductive organs of flowering plants.

Monocotyledons

Plants with smaller and simpler structures, easier to observe.

Sepal

Structure that supports petals and protects the flower bud.

Stamen

Male reproductive structure of the flower.

Anther

Sac that contains microsporangia in the stamen.

Filament

Stalk that supports the anther and making it closer to the female structure.

Tapetum

Structure that protects the microsporangia.

Microsporangia

Contains diploid sporocyte cells that undergo meiosis.

Callose

Substance that replaces cellulose in microsporangia.

Tetrad

Group of four haploid microspores formed after meiosis.

Sporopollenin

Substance that forms on the surface of the microspore after callose is removed.

Sulcus

Smooth area remaining on the pollen grain after tapetum releases sporopollenin.

Pollen grain

Mature microspore that has undergone mitosis.

Generative cell

One of the two cells produced from the haploid microspore.

Tube cell

The second cell produced from the haploid microspore.

Resting state

Condition of pollen grain after nutrient accumulation and water loss.

Endothecium

Thickened walls that form before pollen release.

Ovary

Female reproductive structure of flowers.

Carpel

Central part of the flower containing the ovary.

Style

Structure that extends the stigma.

Stigma

Tip of the style where pollen lands.

Megasporangia

Small outgrowths on the ovary walls in young carpels.

Integument

Protective layer surrounding the megasporangia.

Ovule

Structure consisting of megasporangia, integument, and micropyle.

Micropyle

Opening in the ovule not covered by the integument.

Diploid megasporocyte

Cell in the megasporangium that undergoes meiosis.

Haploid nuclei

Result of the diploid megasporocyte's meiotic division.

Embryo sac

Female gametophyte formed from seven cells in the megasporangium.

Pollination

Transfer of pollen to the carpel, aided by wind or animals.

Pollen tube

Structure that grows from the pollen grain to deliver sperm cells.

Generative cell division

Process that produces two sperm cells from the generative cell.

Transmitting tissue

Moist tissue inside the canal that guides the pollen tube to the ovary.

Double fertilization

Process where one sperm fertilizes the egg and the other fuses with polar nuclei.

Seed

Structure that develops from the fertilized ovule.

Fruit

Mature ovary that develops after fertilization.

Dormancy

State entered by the embryo after nutrient accumulation and water removal.

Cotyledon

Seed leaf that forms in monocotyledons.

Suspensor

Chain of cells produced by the basal cell that transports nutrients to the embryo.

Seed coat

Protective layer formed from the integument.

Hormones

Substances released by the embryo to stimulate ovule expansion.

True

Flowering is the most efficient method of reproduction in plants.