Chapter 1 Introduction to Neuro

Which cell produces myelin in the nerves of the peripheral nervous system?

Astrocyte

Neuron

Schwann cell

Microglia

Neural progenitor cell

Schwann cell

The type of nerve cell that synapses upon muscles is called

a spinal interneuron.

a motor neuron (or motoneuron).

a cranial neuron.

an afferent neuron.

a dorsal root neuron.

a motor neuron (or motoneuron).

Which statement accurately describes the expression of genes in the nervous system?

Every gene in the human genome is expressed in the CNS.

Splice variants add diversity to brain function via beneficial mutations.

Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS.

The genes that are expressed in the CNS are expressed equally in all neurons.

A small subset of the total human genome is expressed in the CNS.

Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS.

Which technique first produced unequivocal support for the neuron doctrine of the nervous system (as opposed to the reticular theory)?

Acetylcholinesterase staining

Extracellular electrical recordings

Electron microscopy of nervous tissue

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Golgi stain (light microscopy)

Electron microscopy of nervous tissue

EEG (electroencephalogram)

Which method was used to visualize the retinal neurons shown in this figure?

Cresyl violet staining

Intracellular injection of a fluorescent dye

Intracellular injection of an enzyme

Silver impregnation (the Golgi method)

Nissl stain

Intracellular injection of a fluorescent dye

Compared with projection neurons, axons of local circuit neurons (interneurons)

are longer.

are shorter.

have more synapses.

have more branches.

reach more postsynaptic neurons.

are shorter.

Which brain research method is associated with the greatest safety concerns?

Computerized tomography

Magnetic resonance imaging

Event related potential analysis

Electroencephalography

Transcranial magnetic stimulation

Computerized tomography

Antibody staining is used to

visualize the distribution of specific proteins in the nervous system.

identify neurons expressing specific genes.

trace anterograde pathways.

reveal structural changes associated with experimental lesions.

visualize the distribution of specific proteins in the nervous system.

The brain imaging technique that makes use of a narrow X-ray beam is called

SPECT.

PET.

fMRI.

CT.

MRI

CT.

Genomics is the analysis of

coding DNA sequences for a species.

regulatory DNA sequences for an individual organism and a species.

coding and regulatory DNA sequences for a species.

coding and regulatory DNA sequences for an individual organism.

coding and regulatory DNA of an individual organism or a species.

coding and regulatory DNA of an individual organism or a species.

An action potential is a(n) _______ change in the electrical potential across the nerve cell membrane.

single

all-or-nothing

permanent

random

unidirectional

all-or-nothing

A mouse model is created through Cre/lox technology in which a gene is knocked out of the central nervous system only. Which region would continue to express the protein made by the gene?

Diencephalon

Cerebellum

Cerebral hemispheres

Spinal nerves

Brainstem

Spinal nerves

Which statement accurately describes neural and glial cells?

In both types, mitochondria are concentrated in the cell body.

The endoplasmic reticulum is concentrated in axons.

Exocytosis and endocytosis are important for synaptic communication.

Glial cells and neurons rapidly transmit long-range electrical signals.

Neither cell type relies on cytoskeletal filaments.

Exocytosis and endocytosis are important for synaptic communication.

Cognitive neuroscience is concerned with

structural analysis of the brain

consciousness

language

emotions

memory

consciousness

language

emotions

memory

During the knee jerk reflex, the role of the spinal interneuron is to _______ the _______ muscle, allowing the leg to _______.

inhibit; flexor; extend

inhibit; extensor; extend

activate; flexor; extend

inhibit; flexor; flex

inhibit; extensor; flex

inhibit; flexor; extend

Why is the white matter lighter in appearance than the gray matter?

These are just historic terms not representative of real colors.

White matter is less dense than gray matter.

White matter is more translucent than gray matter.

White matter contains more Schwann cells, which are light in appearance.

White matter is richer in myelin, which reflects more light than gray matter.

White matter is richer in myelin, which reflects more light than gray matter.

A doctor taps the right knee in an individual who was in a car accident and has sustained damage to the right dorsal root of the lower spinal cord. Which motor response would you expect?

Right leg extends

Left leg extends

Right leg flexes

Left leg flexes

Right leg remains motionless

Right leg remains motionless

In the knee-jerk reflex, the afferent neurons

innervate leg flexor muscles.

innervate leg flexor and extensor muscles.

innervate leg extensor muscles.

are sensory neurons.

are cranial nerves.

are sensory neurons.

Which of the following is a feature that distinguishes model organisms from other animals that have been intensively studied by neuroscientists?

Specific neural structure or behaviors of interest

Are organisms that can be used to answer the widest range of key questions about neuroscience.

Ease of genetic analysis and manipulation

Nervous systems of substantial complexity

An extensive and interesting behavioral repertoire

Ease of genetic analysis and manipulation

The part of a synapse to which the contents of synaptic vesicles bind is called the

presynaptic terminal.

synaptic ending.

axon terminal.

terminal bouton.

receptor.

receptor.

The structural brain imaging technique that relies on atoms behaving as small magnets is called

fMRI.

PET.

SPECT.

MRI.

CT.

MRI.

Neuroethology is the field devoted to studying complex behavior

through specifically designed behavioral tasks.

in the native environment.

in a laboratory.

during a limited number of trials.

using invasive methods.

in the native environment.

In which part of a neuron would most of the endoplasmic reticulum be concentrated?

Postsynaptic terminal

Presynaptic terminal

Axon

Cell body

Dendrite

Cell body

hich of Camillo Golgi's contributions enabled Santiago Ramón y Cajal to make observations that suggested that nerve cells are discrete entities?

Articulation of the neuron doctrine

Identifying the organelle later called the Golgi apparatus

Development of a staining method based on impregnation with silver salts

Improving the understanding of the pathophysiology of malaria

Articulation of the reticular theory of nerve cell communication

Development of a staining method based on impregnation with silver salts

The scientist who shared the Nobel Prize with Camillo Golgi for his anatomical studies of the CNS was

Louis Pasteur.

Luigi Galvani.

Thomas Hodgkin.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal.

Allesandro Volta.

Santiago Ramon y Cajal.

Which of the following is not part of the brain?

Cerebral hemispheres

Cerebellum

Diencephalon

Spinal cord

Brainstem

Spinal cord

The type of glial cells that myelinate peripheral axons are called

Schwann cells.

oligodendrocytes.

astrocytes.

microglia.

Peripheral axons are not myelinated by glial cells.

Schwann cells.

Which of the following is not an established role for glial cells?

Hastening the propagation of neural impulses

Providing scaffolds that assist neural development

Integrating information to assist neural computation

Maintaining the ionic milieu surrounding nerve cells

Assisting synaptic transmission via neurotransmitter uptake

ntegrating information to assist neural computation

The neurons whose synaptic connections with glandular cells trigger stomach secretions are located in

the spinal cord.

the brain stem.

the ganglia located along the vertebral column.

front of the vertebral column.

the ganglia embedded in the wall of the stomach.

the ganglia embedded in the wall of the stomach.

An advantage that intracellular recordings have over extracellular recordings is that they

are easier to obtain.

can be obtained in many more parts of the nervous system.

can record synaptic and receptor potentials.

can record from many neurons at once.

can alter the threshold potential.

can record synaptic and receptor potentials.

The technique that first revealed the tremendous diversity of neuronal cell types, by revealing different cell bodies along with their processes, is

the Nissl stain.

cresyl violet staining.

fluorescence staining.

electron microscopy.

the Golgi technique (stain).

the Golgi technique (stain).

Which statement best describes the function of a neuron with multiple, highly branched dendrites and one axon?

It passes information directly to multiple neurons.

It cannot integrate information from multiple neurons.

It receives information from only one other neuron.

It integrates information from many neurons.

The information it receives will not be relayed.

It integrates information from many neurons

Which of the following statements about neural or glial cells is (are) false?

Glial cells rapidly transmit long-range electrical signals.

Both share the complement of organelles found in all cells, including the endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus and mitochondria.

The endoplasmic reticulum is concentrated in axons.

Mitochondria are concentrated at presynaptic terminals.

Exocytosis and endocytosis are important for synaptic communication.

Glial cells rapidly transmit long-range electrical signals. The endoplasmic reticulum is concentrated in axons.

Which anatomical term denotes a component of the peripheral nervous system?

Nucleus (i.e., group of neurons)

Spinal nerve

Tract

Column

Commissure

Spinal nerve

Which statement about a center-surround receptive field is false?

It can involve an excitatory response (e.g., to touch).

It can be mapped by electrophysiological recording techniques.

It is characterized by a circular center and a donut-shaped surround.

It can involve an inhibitory response (e.g., to touch).

It is found only in primary sensory cortex.

It is found only in primary sensory cortex.

Most neurons have

one axon hillock (initial segment).

multiple axon hillocks (initial segments).

one dendrite.

one axon hillock (initial segment) and one dendrite.

multiple axon hillocks (initial segments) and one dendrite.

one axon hillock (initial segment).

The major proponent(s) of the neuron doctrine was(were)

Camillo Golgi

Santiago Ramón y Cajal

Charles Sherrington

Alois Alzheimer

James Parkinson

Camillo Golgi, Charles Sherrington

GFP stands for

"giant fibrous protein" (a protein found in damaged nervous tissue).

"genetic fascicle particle" (a particle that reveals specific nerve tracts).

"growth factor protein" (a protein produced by dividing nerve cells).

"glial fibrillary protein" (a protein revealed by antibody staining).

"green fluorescent protein" (a genetic reporter).

"green fluorescent protein" (a genetic reporter)

A transgenic mouse animal model is created that expresses both the Cre recombinase gene, under control of a promoter for a gene expressed only in muscle fibers, and an androgen receptor with loxP sites around exon 2. How will expression of the androgen receptor protein be altered in the transgenic mouse?

The mouse will not express androgen receptor in muscle fibers.

The mouse will not express androgen receptor anywhere in the body.

The mouse will express increased levels of androgen receptor in muscle fibers.

The mouse will express increased levels of androgen receptor everywhere in the body.

The mouse will not express androgen receptor in the nervous system.

The mouse will not express androgen receptor in muscle fibers

Which part of the gene (genomic DNA) is also found in messenger RNA (mRNA)?

Exon

Intron

Promoter

Non-coding DNA

Regulatory DNA

Exon

The set of neurons and small ganglia associated with the digestive tract is called the _______ nervous system.

autonomic

parasympathetic

peripheral

enteric

sympathetic

enteric

Which of the following is NOT considered to be a "model" organism?

The marine snail Aplysia

Zebrafish

Mouse

Drosophila (Fruit fly)

The nematode C. elegans

The marine snail Aplysia

A neuron that receives a large number of synaptic inputs from other neurons

represents convergent neural signaling.

represents divergent neural signaling.

represents massive neural integration.

must fire at very high frequencies to be useful.

can fire only at very low frequencies.

represents convergent neural signaling.

A neuron that innervates (i.e., makes synaptic contact with) a large number of other neurons

represents massive neural integration.

must fire at very high frequencies to be useful.

represents convergent neural signaling.

can fire only at very low frequencies.

represents divergent neural signaling.

represents divergent neural signaling

Which of the following is not an established role for glial cells?

Integrating information to assist neural computation

Maintaining the ionic milieu surrounding nerve cells

Hastening the propagation of neural impulses

Assisting synaptic transmission via neurotransmitter uptake

Providing scaffolds that assist neural development

Integrating information to assist neural computation

Which intracellular component facilitates the processes of endocytosis and exocytosis underlying synaptic communication?

Mitochondria

Endoplasmic reticulum

Cytoskeleton

Golgi apparatus

Nucleus

Cytoskeleton

In the mature central nervous system, glial stem cells with the properties of astrocytes can give rise to

astrocytes

neurons

oligodendrocytes

microglia

blood vessels

astrocytes

neurons

oligodendrocytes

Which statement about astrocytes is true?

They play a role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier.

They form myelin in the peripheral nervous system.

They produce collagen in the central nervous system.

They produce antibodies.

They regulate the chemical environment of the peripheral nervous system.

They play a role in the formation of the blood-brain barrier.

Which statement best describes most neurons?

They receive information via axons.

They transmit information to other cells via dendrites.

They are polarized.

They conduct signals bidirectionally.

They transmit electrical signals via cytoplasmic continuity.

They are polarized.

Which feature distinguishes the four model organisms (mouse, zebrafish, fruit fly, and nematode) from other animals that have been intensively studied by neuroscientists?

Ease of genetic analysis and manipulation

Nervous system of substantial complexity

Extensive and interesting behavioral repertoire

Specific neural structures or behaviors of interest

Expression of behaviors is reflex-only (i.e., no complex behaviors)

Ease of genetic analysis and manipulation

From which part of the nervous system do cells that innervate neuromuscular junctions originate?

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

Somatic motor division of PNS

Visceral motor division of PNS

Autonomic nervous system

Central nervous system (CNS)

Which of the following statements about the expression of genes in the nervous system is true?

Every gene in the human genome is expressed in the CNS.

There are many thousands of neuron-specific genes (i.e., genes that are not expressed outside the CNS).

Humans have three to four times more genes than mice have.

Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS.

Humans have 100 times more genes than invertebrate animals such as Drosophila.

Most of the genes in the human genome are expressed in the CNS.

Which glial cell type serves as a resident immune cell in the central nervous system?

Glial stem cell

Astrocyte

Microglia

Oligodendrocyte

Schwann cell

Microglia

The in situ hybridization method is based on

labeling specific neuronal components with antibodies.

using nucleic acid probes to detect mRNAs that encode specific proteins.

using nucleic acid probes to detect specific proteins.

injecting a fluorescent dye into a neuron.

formation of an insoluble colored product within cell bodies.

using nucleic acid probes to detect mRNAs that encode specific proteins.

Injection of negative current into a neuron will cause the membrane potential to become

hyperpolarized

In this cartoon of an action potential, during the phase labeled D, ________ ion are moving (into or out of)

______

the cell.

potassium, out of

What effect(s) would be observed if the external K+ concentration was increased to three times normal?

RMP would become more positive

RMP would not change

RMP would become more negative

The amplitude of the action potential would increase

The amplitude of the action potential would not change

The amplitude of the action potential would decrease

The duration of the action potential would increase 3 fold

The duration of the action potential would remain the same

The duration of the action potential would decrease 3 fold

RMP would become more positive, The amplitude of the action potential would not change,

The duration of the action potential would remain the same

In this cartoon of an action potential, during the phase labeled B, ______________ ions are moving (into or out of) _____________ the cell

sodium, into

What effect(s) would be observed if the external Na+ concentration were reduced to one-third normal?

RMP would become more positive

RMP would not change

RMP would become more negative

The amplitude of the action potential would increase

The amplitude of the action potential would not change

The amplitude of the action potential would decrease

The duration of the action potential would increase 3 fold

The duration of the action potential would remain the same

The duration of the action potential would decrease 3 fold

RMP would not change, The amplitude of the action potential would decrease, The amplitude of the action potential would decrease

he set of neurons and small ganglia associated with the digestive tract is called the

________

nervous system

enteric