biology 1402 ttu dr. held - exam 3

larva

The immature form of an animal that looks very different from the adult.

metamorphosis

change of form

Colonial Aggregate

A group of species within a genus (not a subgenus), or a group of subspecies within a species

invertabrate

an animal that does not have a backbone

vertebrate

an animal that has a backbone

Cnidaria

can regenerate lost parts. jellyfish (EX)

epithelial tissue

sheets of cells that cover the body surface

adipose tissue

uses fat to protect organs by acting as a shock absorber

fibrous connective tissue

uses collagen to connect bone to muscle

Cartilaginous connective tissue

a shock absorber used in joints

nervous tissue

transmits signals electrically from one cell to the next

one circulatory loop

fish

3 chambered heart

amphibians

4 chambered heart

birds and mammals

3.5 chambered heart

reptiles

atrium

pumps blood into the ventricle

fibrogen

deactivated plasma protein

serotonin

a hormone secreted by platelets that causes muscle cells to stay contracted

platelets

sticky cells that plug leaks during clotting

erythropoietin

hormone secreted by the kidneys that plays a role in the production of red blood cells

fibrin

activated by protein that forms web during clotting

systole

contraction phase of the heartbeat

diastole

relaxation phase of the heartbeat

SA node

sets the rate of contraction for the heart

AV node

causes ventricles to contract

spleen

filters out dead Red blood cells

antigen

a molecule on the surface of the invader that provokes an immune

Antibody response

protein that binds the antigen

lymph nodes

where B cells multiply and swell when you are sick

plasma cells

secretes antibodies

cytotoxic cells

uses a compliment protein to poke holes in infected cell's membrane

operculum

a flap that covers and protects the gills

air sacs

respiratory system in birds that is undirectional

alveoli

site of gas exchange

epiglottis

flap that covers the trachea during swallowing

medulla

controls the rate of breathing during sleep

arthropods

molt and go through metamorphosis. Invertebrates with jointed appendages

Platyhelminthes

have a one-ended gut

nematodes

many are parasites

Molluscs

have a mantle that secretes a calcium carbonate shell

Molluscs

have an open circulatory system

annelids

use a specialized gut made of a crop and gizzard

arthropods

use an exoskeleton as armor

Porifera

made of incurrent pores

Echinoderms

use tube feet

spiny-fin fish

have a swim bladder for buoyance

amphibians

have true lungs

reptiles

have an expandable rib cage

birds

have hollow bones for flight

mammals

have mammary glands that produce milk

primates

have an opposable thumb

archaeopteryx

"missing link" thought to be a transitional form between reptiles and birds

monotremes

mammals that lay eggs

agnathans

jawless filter feeders

tunicates

Larva metamorphoses into sessile adult

bilateral symmetry

the property of being divisible into symmetrical halves on either side of a unique plane.

radial symmetry

body plan in which body parts repeat around the center of the body

coelom

body cavity lined with mesoderm

pseudocoelom

body cavity that is only partially lined with mesoderm

Cephalization

concentration of sense organs and nerve cells at the front of an animal's body

2-ended gut

two openings. one for food, one for waste

sac-like gut

only one opening for both waste and food

Segmentation

the division of the body of an organism into a series of similar parts

choanocyte

Collar cells that line the body cavity and have flagella that circulate water in sponges

amoebocyte

within the body wall of a sponge, a specialized cell that crawls about and delivers nutrients from the choanocytes to the rest of the body cells

cnidocyte (nematocyst)

Cells on the tentacles of cnidarians that function in defense and capture of prey.

polyp

a mushroom-like growth from the surface of a mucous membrane

medusa

A free-swimming cnidarian with a bell-shaped body and tentacles

free-living flatworm

One of a group of nonparasitic flatworms.

fluke worms

Trematodes

tapeworm

Platyhelminthes. A parasitic flatworm characterized by the absence of a digestive tract, and a long body of repeated units

Trichinosis

disease caused by eating raw or undercooked meat, usually pork, infected with Trichinella larvae

gastropod

A mollusk with a single shell or no shell and a muscular foot. Includes snails

mantle

soft covering, formed from the body wall, of brachiopods and mollusks; also, the fleshy outer covering, sometimes strengthened by calcified plates, of barnacles.

radula

An organ covered with teeth that mollusks use to scrape food into their mouths

bivalve

A mollusk that has two shells held together by hinges and strong muscles.

Cephalopods

A member of a group of molluscs that include squids and octopus

open circulatory system

system in which blood is not always contained within a network of blood vessels. A circulatory system that allows the blood to flow out of the blood vessels and into various body cavities so that the cells are in direct contact with the blood

closed circulatory system

system in which blood is contained within a network of blood vessels. A circulatory system in which the oxygen-carrying blood cells never leave the blood vessels.

earthworm

Phylum Annelida

polychaete

A class of annelids that have parapodia, ridgelike structures that help it move. The parapodia have numerous chaetae and can also function as gills.

leech

Annelida

gizzard

Found in digestive tract of birds, earthworms, and grasshoppers. Thick muscular wall; breaks down food mechanically

crop

the crop of a bird or insect, is a thin-walled expanded portion of the alimentary tract used for the storage of food prior to digestion.

exoskeleton

A body covering, typically made of chitin, that provides support and protection

molting

Process in which an arthropod sheds its exoskeleton and manufactures a larger one to take its place

endoskeleton

internal skeleton or supporting framework in an animal

horseshoe crab

A bottom-dwelling marine chelicerate, a member of the phylum Arthropoda. Limulus polyphemus

arachnid

An arthropod with two body sections, four pairs of legs, and no antennae.

crustacean

An arthropod that has two or three body sections, five or more pairs of legs, and two pairs of antennae.

millipedes and centipedes

myriapods. many pairs of legs, long segmented body

tube feet

Extensions of an echinoderm's water vascular system that stick out from the body and function in movement and obtaining food.

amniote egg

egg with four membranes that allows an embryo to develop away from water

notochord

A flexible rod that supports a chordate's back

myotomes

Blocks of muscle flanking the spine

tunicates

Members of the subphylum Urochordata, sessile marine chordates that lack a backbone.

lancelets

Subphylum Cephalochordata

vertebrates

animals that have a backbone

Peter Pan theory

A larva acquires adult gonads & becomes a new species.

Tunicate larva--> Lancelet adult?

example of Peter Pan theory