tectonic hazards

why are there patterns of earthquakes

because earthquakes usually occur along the edge of a plate margin due to the movement occuring there. however some earthquakes happen due to human activity such as an underground mining/ exrtacton/ reseviour consturction 

how thick is the earths crust

about 5-10 km

why is there a pattern of volcanoes

becasue earthquakes occur at constrcutive and destrucive plate margin. they also form at hotspots in the crust is thin and magam is able to braek throught the surface- eg. hawaii

what is a constructive plate boundary

where two plates move apart

what is a destructive plate boundary

where two plates are moving towards one another

conservative plate boundary

where two plates are sliding alongside eachother

how does plate movement occur

1. radioactive decay of some of the elements in the core and mantle generate lots of heat

2. when lower plrts of the mantle molten rock heat up they become less dense and slowly rise

3. as they move towards the top they cool down and become mroe dense and slowly rise

4. these circular movement of semi-molten rock are convection currents

5. convetion currents drag on the base of tectonic plates and this causes them to move

what is a collsion plate

where two continetal plates mvoe towards eachother

advatages of living in tectonic areas

volanic ash privdes fertile land for crops to grow, toursim. jobs, family

disadvatges of living in tectonic zones

danger of injury or death. expesnive insurance

when was nepals eq

2015

primary effects of nepal earthquake

• 8632 people died

• 21952 injured

• over 3.5 million homeles- turning into a long term effect due to rebuilding- after 2 years only 3.4% had been rebuilt

• electricity adn water suppleies and communiaction were left affected

• 7000 schools destroyed 

• 50% of shops destyoed- food and livilehood

nepal secondary effects

• landslides avalanges blocking roads and tehrefore aid efforts

• avalachenges on mount everset killed atleast 19 people

• landslides blocked rivers risk of flooding- evacutaion, makes roads busye

which plates caused nepal 2015

collsion plate margin between indian and euroasian plate

primary effects of chile 2010

• 500 people killed, 12,000 injured 

• 22,000 homes destyed 

• 4600 schools

• 53 ports

• 56 hopstials 

• loss of power and comunication

chile secondary efffects

• 1500 km of raods damaged- landsildes causing.

• romate communited cut off

• sevral coastal town desroyed by tusamni

• fire at chemial plant near santiago

• caused tusanmis on other pacific countries

chile imidate repsonses

• emergacny service acted swiftly. international help needed to supple field hopstails, satelite phones and floating bridges

• temporary repsaids make the imporatn route north- ostuh within 24 hours, enabling aid 

• pwoer and water restroed to 90% of homes within 10 days

• a national appeal raeasdied money for aid shelters

chile long term responses

• month later launched plans to rebuilt houses

• strong ecconomoy- could be rebuilt wihtout forgein aid 

why was chile less effected then nepal

Chile was less effected then nepal becasue despite Chiles earthquake being a magnuited of 8.7 (500x more powerfull then Nepal’s 7.8) CHile is an HIC. this meant that Chile did not relly heavily on internail aid, they could quickly rebuild their communites due to strong aid efforts. 

nepal imdeiate responses

• search and resuce teasm 

• water amd medicual support arrived quickly

• helicopters rescued people 

• ½ million tents suppiled for homeless

• field hospitals 

nepal long term response 

• roads respaired 

• landslides celared

• rehomed 

• 7000 schools rebuilt and repaired

• stricter building codes

• international conference to discuss reconstrucution andseek adivce 

• attmpts to boost tourism

mointioring volcanoes

• remote sensoruing 

• seismo grpah 

• ground deformation

• geogphysicsal measurments 

• gas

• hydrolgoy