Principles of management unit3

What is organizational structure?

The vertical and horizontal configuration of departments, authority, and jobs within a company.

What is organizational process?

The collection of activities that transform inputs into outputs that customers value.

What is departmentalization?

A method of subdividing work and workers into separate organizational units that take responsibility for completing particular tasks.

What is functional departmentalization?

Organizes work and workers into separate units responsible for particular business functions or areas of expertise.

What is product departmentalization?

Organizes work and workers into separate units responsible for producing particular products or services.

What is customer departmentalization?

Organizes work and workers into separate units responsible for particular kinds of customers.

What is geographic departmentalization?

Organizes work and workers into separate units responsible for doing business in particular geographic areas.

What is matrix departmentalization?

A hybrid structure in which two or more forms of departmentalization are used together.

What is the chain of command?

The vertical line of authority that clarifies who reports to whom throughout the organization.

What is unity of command?

The principle that workers should report to just one boss.

What is line authority?

The right to command immediate subordinates in the chain of command.

What is staff authority?

The right to advise but not command others who are not subordinates in the chain of command.

What is centralization of authority?

The location of most authority at the upper levels of the organization.

What is decentralization?

The location of a significant amount of authority in the lower levels of the organization.

What is standardization?

Solving problems by consistently applying the same rules, procedures, and processes.

What is job specialization?

Occurs when a job is composed of a small part of a larger task or process.

What is job rotation?

Attempts to overcome the disadvantages of job specialization by periodically moving workers from one specialized job to another.

What is job enlargement?

Increases the number of different tasks that a worker performs within one particular job.

What is job enrichment?

Attempts to overcome deficiencies in specialized work by increasing the number of tasks and giving workers the authority and control.

What is a mechanistic organization?

Characterized by specialized jobs and responsibilities; unchanging roles and a rigid chain of command.

What is an organic organization?

Characterized by broadly defined jobs and responsibilities; loosely defined roles and decentralized authority.

What is an intraorganizational process?

The collection of activities that take place within an organization to transform inputs into outputs.

What is reengineering?

The fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of business processes to achieve dramatic improvements in performance.

What is sequential interdependence?

Work must be performed in succession because one group's outputs become the inputs for the next group.

What is reciprocal interdependence?

Different jobs or groups work together in a back-and-forth manner to complete the process.

What is an interorganizational process?

A collection of activities that occur among companies to transform inputs into outputs.

What is a modular organization?

Outsources all remaining business activities, except for core activities they can perform better.

What is a virtual organization?

Part of a network in which many companies share skills, costs, and markets with each other.

What is team cohesiveness?

The extent to which team members are attracted to a team and motivated to remain in it.

What is social loafing?

Occurs when workers withhold their efforts and fail to perform their share of the work.

What is groupthink?

A phenomenon where members feel intense pressure not to disagree with each other.

What is cognitive conflict (c-type conflict)?

Conflict that focuses on problem-related differences of opinion.

What is affective conflict (a-type conflict)?

Conflict that refers to emotional reactions that occur when disagreements become personal.

What are the stages of team development?

Forming, Storming, Norming, Performing, De-norming, De-storming, De-forming.

What are stretch goals?

Extremely ambitious goals that workers don’t know how to reach.

What is bureaucratic immunity?

Means that teams no longer have to go through the slow process for approvals to make changes.

What is individualism-collectivism?

The degree to which a person believes that loyalty to oneself is more important than loyalty to a team.

What is team diversity?

Represents the variances or differences in ability, experience, personality, or any other factor on a team.

What is interpersonal skills?

Skills that enable people to have effective working relationships with others.

What is employee separation?

A broad term covering the loss of an employee for any reason.

What is adverse impact?

Unintentional discrimination that occurs when particular groups are unintentionally disadvantaged.

What is affirmative action?

Purposeful steps taken by an organization to create employment opportunities for minorities and women.

What is the glass ceiling?

The invisible barrier that prevents women and minorities from advancing to top jobs.

What is organizational plurality?

A work environment where all members are empowered to contribute and their individuality is respected.