Pathophysio Exam 1 (Ch 1-4)

What does acute mean?

A disease that is short term

What does chronic mean?

A disease that persists for a long time

What does complication mean?

The onset of a second disease or disorder in an individual who is already affected with a disease

What is a diagnosis?

The identification or naming of a disease

What is a disease?

A change in structure or function within the body that is considered to be abnormal

What is a disorder?

A disruption of normal function or abnormability of function

What is an epidemic?

An unusually large number of people in a region diagnosed with the same disease

What is etiology?

The study of the cause of a disease

What is homeostasis?

Maintenance of the internal environment of the body within certain narrow ranges

What does iatrogenic mean?

A problem arising due to or related to a prescribed treatment

What does idiopathic mean?

An unknown cause of disease

What is a mortality rate?

It is related to the number of people who die with a disease in a certain amount of time

What does Nosocomial mean?

A disease acquired from the hospital environment

What does palliative mean?

Something that is directed towards relief of symptoms but does not cure

What is a pandemic>

An epidemic affecting a large geographical area, even as far as worldwide

What is pathogenesis?

A description of how a particular disease progresses

What are pathogens?

Microorganisms or agents that cause disease

What is pathology?

The study of disease

What are predisposing factors?

Also known as risk factors; make a person more susceptible to disease

What does prevalent mean?

Occuring more often

What does preventative mean?

Something that reduces risk

What does prognosis mean?

The predicted or expected outcome of the disease

What does remission mean?

A time when symptoms are diminished or temporarily resolved

What are signs?

Observable or measurable factors used to determine a diagnosis

What are symptoms?

Anything a patient experiences and reports that may indicate disease

What is a syndrome?

A group of symptoms that may be caused by a specific disease but also may be caused by several interrelated problems

What is an allergen?

An environmental substance that causes an allergic reaction

What is anoxia?

Meaning no oxygen

What is antibodies?

What are antibodies?

Immunoglobulins that develop in response to an antigen; proteins that the body produces to bind to and render the antigen harmless

What are Antigens?

Any substance that can generate an immune response

What is atrophy?

A decrease in cell size, which leads to a decrease in the size of the tissue and organ

What is autoimmunity?

The state when one’s immune system attacks their own healthy tissue

What is a BMI?

A measurement obtained by dividing the individuals weight in pounds by his or her height in inches. A BMI scale uses these figures to determine levels of obesity.

What is Cachexia?

A term used to describe severe weight and muscle loss

What is cancer?

Any malignant tumor?

What does comorbidity mean?

When two or more conditions or diseases occur at the same time?

What does congential mean?

Present at birth; Usually concering a congential anomaly or an abnormality present at birth

What does degenerative mean?

Diseases related to aging or destruction of tissue, functions, and use

What does dysplasia mean?

An alteration in size, shape, and organization of cells

What does encapsulated mean?

Enclosed in capsule, term used to describe benign tumors

What does enteral mean?

Relating to the small intestine

What does gangrene mean?

A condition occurring when saprophytic bacteria become involved in necrotic tissue

What does hyperplasia mean?

An increase in cell number; overgrowth in response to some type of stimulus

What does hypertrophy mean?

An increase in the size of the cell, leading to an increase in tissue and organ size

What does hypoxia mean?

Not enough oxygen in tissue

What does immunodeficiency mean?

The state when the immune response is unable to defend the body due to a decrease or absence of leukocytes, primarily lymphocytes

What is an infarct?

Necrosis of cells or tissues due to ischemia

What is an infection?

Invasion of microorganisms into the tissue, causing cell or tissue injury, thus leading to the inflammatory response

What is inflammation?

A protective cellular and vascular immune response that is triggered by any type of injury or irritant

What is ischemia?

Hypoxia of cells or tissues caused by decreased blood flow

What is morbidity?

The state of being disease

What is necrosis?

Cellular Death

What is neoplasia?

The development of a new type of cell with an uncontrolled growth pattern

What is a neoplasm?

An increase in cell number; leading to an increase in tissue size; commonly called tumors

What is oncology?

The study of the tumors

What is organ rejection?

The process in which the body’s immune system recognizes an organ as foreign and attacks it, leading to organ death

What is paranteral?

A delivery route for fluid for that includes subcutaneous, intramuscular, or intravenous administration

What is prevention?

An action taken to decrease the chance of getting a disease

What is trauma?

A physical or mental injury

What is triage?

The prioritizing of care

What are vaccinations?

Preventative action that protects an individual from getting a disease and can prevent the spread of disease

What does anaplastic mean?

Abnormal tissue; The more undifferentiated tissue

What is angiogenesis?

New growth of blood vessels

What does benign mean?

Having limited growth; non-cancerous

What is a biopsy?

Removing a small piece of tissue for micropscopic examination

What is a carcinogen?

Cancer-causing agent or substance

What is carcinogenesis?

Intiation of tumor development

What is carcinoma?

The most common type of malignant neoplasm arising from epithelial tissue

What does carcinoma in situ mean?

Atypical cells residing in the epithelial layer of tissue, not having broken through the basement membrane and invading other local tissues

What is chemotherapy?

Using pharmacologic therapy in the treatment of cancer

What does curative mean?

Something that corrects or cures the disease or condition

What does cytology mean?

The examination or study of cells

What does differentiation mean?

The process of individual specialization of cells

What does invasion mean?

Spreading into surrounding or local

What does frozen section mean?

A technique that enables a pathologist to make a rapid determination of a tumor condition, either malignant or benign

What is leukemia?

A progressive overgrowth of abnormal leukocytes; a malignant disease of the bone marrow

What are lymphomas?

Malignant neoplasm of blood-forming organs

What does malignant mean?

Deadly or progressing to death; cancerous

What does metaplasia mean?

Occurs when a mature differentiated cell changes abnormally into a different type of cell

What does metastasis mean?

Spreading into distant sites

What is a pap test?

Also called a Papanicolaou test; a screening for cancer using and examining the cells scraped from the cervical area

What is radiation?

The process of using light, short waves, ultraviolet or X-Rays, or any other rays

What is a sarcoma?

A malignant neoplasm arising from connective tissue

What is serous?

An internal body cavity lined with serous membrane that has no opening to the outside of the body

What does staging mean?

Determing the degree of spread of a malignant tumor

What is a tumor?

“Swelling” or growth, originally used in the description of the swelling related to inflammation

What is an abscess?

A localized collection of pus

What is an adhesion?

A fibrous band that results when parts of tissue cling to the surface of adjoining organs as normal fibrous scar tissue develops at an operative site

What is bacteria?

A one-cell micoorganism that may be aerobic or anaerobic and free-living, saprophytic, parasitic, or pathogenic

What is cellulitis?

Inflammation of connective tissue

What is chemotaxis?

The movement of cells or organisms in response to chemicals

What is a culture and sensitivity?

A test to identify a pathogen and the type of treatment needed

What does débridement mean?

A process of washing or cutting away necrotic tissue and foreign material

What does dehiscence mean?

Separation of tissue margins, as with a scar that does not have adequate strength

What does diapedesis mean?

A passage of blood, or its formed elements, through the intact walls of blood vessels

What is empyema?

An accumulation of pus in a body cavity

What does exudate mean?

Fluid that has seeped out of tissue or capillaries because of injury or inflammation

What is a fistula?

A tract that connects two organs or cavities to each other or to the surface of the skin

What is a histamine?

A substance that causes local arterioles, venules, and capillaries to dilate, resulting in an increase in blood flow to the area; released in response to injury or irritation