Cooper Summaries

Generalized behavior change

occurs if trained behavior occurs at other times or in places without having to be retrained

OR

functionally equivalent behaviors occur that were not taught directly

Response Maintenance

the extent to which a learner continues to perform a behavior after a portion or all the intervention responsible for the initial appearance has been terminated

Setting/ situation generalization

extent to which a learner emits the target behavior in settings or situations that are different from the instructional one

instructional setting can be

planned or unplanned

Response generalization

extent to which a learner emits untrained responses that are functionally equivalent to the trained response

undesirable setting/situation generalization forms

overgeneralization

faulty stimulus control

overgeneralization

the behavior has come under control of a stimulus class that is too broad

Faulty stimulus control

the behavior comes under the control of an irrelevant antecedent stimulus

Undesired response generalization

occurs when any of a learners untrained but functionally equivalent responses produce undesired outcomes

First step in promoting generalized behavior change

select target behaviors that will produce naturally occurring reinforcement

Generalization probe

any measurement of a learners performance of a target behavior in a setting/ stimulus situation where it was not directly taught

General case analysis

method for selecting teaching examples that represent the full range of stimulus variations and response requirements

minimum difference negative teaching examples

share characteristics with positive examples and helps eliminate generalization errors

Programming common stimuli

including generalization features into the instructional setting

teaching loosely

randomly varying noncritical aspects of the setting

What creates indiscriminable contingencies?

intermittent schedules of reinforcement

delayed rewards

Behavior traps

Behavior is “baited” with great reinforcers, only require low effort responses, the contingencies motivate the student to continue the behavior and can remain effective for a long time

How to get inoperative contingencies of reinforcement to come out

key people attend to and praise the behavior

Most effective approach to mediating generalized behavior changes

teach self monitoring

simplest and cheapest way to promote generalization

tell the learner about the usefulness of it and instruct him to do it

Components of a training program

antecedent, prompts or cue related stimuli

task modification

consequences or reinforcement variables

deontological

Only evaluates the act itself

Utilitarian

looks at the results of the act

Ethics ensure the well being of

the client

the profession

the culture

How is professional competence achieved

Formal academic training

What is needed for informed consent to be valid

capacity to decide

voluntary decision

knowledge of the treatment

Clients rights to consider

Right to

-make choices

-privacy

-therapeutic treatment evaluation

-refuse treatment

To determine if services are needed

determine services are needed

medical causes are ruled out

treatment environment supports service delivery

reasonable expectation of success

Self control

controlling response and the controlled response

self management

personal application of behavior change tactics that produce a a desired change

Self monitoring

a person observes and responds to the behavior he is trying to change

Most used self management strategy

Self evaluation

comparing the own performance to a predetermined goal

is self management affected by private events?

Yes

is accuracy or necessary or sufficient in self monitoring?

No

Habit reversal

treatment package where clients self monitor unwanted habits and interrupt the chain asap with incompatible behaviors

Systematic desensitization

involves substituting one behavior (normally muscle relaxation) for for the unwanted behavior

Massed practice

forcing oneself to preform an undesired behavior again and again

What does an FBA do

identify antecedent variables

identify reinforcement contingencies

identify alternative replacement behaviors

Descriptive assessment

Part of an FBA where you directly observe and record the data

What do you test during an FA

hypotheses

types of antecedent interventions

function based

Default

function based antecedent interventions

manipulate at least one component of the contingency maintaining problem behavior

Default antecedent intervention

do not depend on identifying variables that evoke and maintain behavior

NCR is an…

antecedent intervention

NCR environment can work as an

AO

The effects of the high p instructional sequence act as an

abative effect

What is FCT evoked by

MO

Differential reinforcement

reinforcing one response class and withholding reinforcement for another

DRA operates on a ______ schedule

concurrent

spaced responding DRL schedule

reinforcement follows each occurrence of the target behavior that is separated by an IRT

resistance to extinction is likely to increase what

the EO of the reinforcer

Each response in a behavior chain acts as ______ for the previous response and as a _____ for the next response

reinforcement

SD

behavior chain with limited hold

a sequence of behaviors must be performed correctly and within a certain time frame

leaps ahead

assessing steps in a chain for mastery to speed up training

Shaping has 3 part process

a change in the learners environment

makes a judgement if that change is progressively closer approximation to the terminal behavior

differentially reinforces that closer approximation

terminal behavior

end product of shaping

behavior can be shaped along measurable dimensions of…

topography

rate

latency

duration

magnitude

shaping across topographies

select members of a response class are reinforced whereas members of the other response class are put on extinction

Shaping within topographies

Form of the behavior remains constant but other measurable dimensions are reinforced (ex. magnitude)

how many limitations does shaping have?

5

clicker training

system for progressively shaping behavior using positive reinforcement and extinction

emerging applications of shaping

robots, computers and telemedicine

Lag Schedule

variation of intermittent reinforcement in which reinforcement is given for a response that is different from previously reinforced responses