Lab Anatomy

Anatomy

Study of structures and relationship among them

Physiology

Study of how body structures function

Anatomic position

Body erect, feet slightly apart, palms facing forward, thumbs pointing away from the body

Superior

Above / toward the head ex: Head is ____ to the abdomen

Inferior

Below / toward the feet Ex: Neck is inferior to the chin

Anterior (ventral)

Toward the front

Posterior (dorsal)

Toward the back

Medial

Toward the midline

Lateral

Toward the side, away from midline

Proximal

Closer to trunk/point of origin Ex: Elbow is ___to wrist

Distal

Farther from trunk/point of origin ex Fingers are ____to wrist

Superficial

Close to the surface ex: Skin is ____ to muscle

Deep

Away from the surface ex Skeleton is ___to skin

Cranial

head

nasal

nose

otic

ear

orbital

eye

Scapular

shoulder blade

vertebral

Spinal column

lumbar

low back

sacral

base of spin

Abdomen

(Picture)

thoracic

(picture as well)

Sagittal plane

divides body into left and right

plane

flat surface

section

the cut along that plane

Frontal (coronal) plane

divides body into anterior and posterior

Transverse (horizontal) plane

divides body into superior and inferior

Dorsal cavity (toward the back)

cranial and vertebral (spinal) cavities

Ventral cavity (toward the front/belly)

thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Serous membrane (serosa)

double-layered membrane lining ventral cavity walls and organ surfaces

Parietal layer

lines the cavity wall

Visceral layer

covers the organ

Abdominopelvic quadrants

Right upper, left upper, right lower, left lower

Abdominopelvic Region

R/L hypochondriac, R/L Lumbar, R/L iliac, epigastric, umbilical, hypogastric

cell

the basic structural and functional unit of life

Organismal activity

depends on individual/collective cell activity

Biochemical activities

dictated by subcellular structure

Continuity of life

has a cellular basis

Plasma Membrane

Separates intracellular fluid from extracellular fluid

Glycocalyx

glycoprotein “sugar coating” that allows cells to recognize one another

Ocular lens

10x

Objective lenses

low power 4X, medium power 10X, high power 40X, oil immersion 100X

Total magnification

ocular × objective (e.g., 10X × 40X = 400X)

Coarse adjustment

focus under low power; fine adjustment = focus under high power (use last)

The Four Primary Tissue Types

Epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

Simple squamous

single layer, flat cells (vessel/alveoli lining)

Simple cuboidal

single layer, cube-shaped (glands, kidney tubules)

Simple columnar

single layer, column-shaped (digestive tract lining)

Stratified squamous

many layers, flat surface cells (epidermis, esophagus)

Pseudostratified ciliated columnar

looks layered but isn’t; has cilia (respiratory tract)

Transitional epithelium

stretchy, found in bladder

Connective Tissue

Cells are farther apart than epithelial cells; abundant extracellular matrix between them

Areolar connective tissue

loose, contains fibroblasts and collagen fibers

Adipose tissue

fat storage

Dense regular connective tissue

parallel collagen fibers (tendons/ligaments)

Dense irregular connective tissue

randomly arranged collagen (dermis)

Epidermis

outer layer, stratified squamous epithelium, contains keratin

Dermis

deep to epidermis, dense irregular connective tissue, blood vessels/glands

Hypodermis/subcutaneous layer

deepest, mostly adipose tissue

Neuron cell body

soma/perikaryon

dendrites

(receive stimuli)

axon

(transmits impulses away)

Functions of the Axial Skeleton

Support, protection, assists movement, mineral storage, blood cell production

Minerals stored in bone

released into the bloodstream as needed

Skeletal system components

Skull, vertebral column, thoracic cage

Skull how many cranial bones

8

What are the paired cranial bones?

temporal, parietal

What are the unpaired cranial bones?

frontal, occipital, sphenoid, ethmoid

Facial bones

nasal, maxilla (maxillary), mandible, lacrimal, zygomatic, inferior nasal concha

Nasal bones

bridge of nose

Maxilla

upper jaw/cheek area below eyes;

Lacrimal

small bone at inner corner of eye orbit

Suture Coronal

Frontal bone meets parietal bones

Suture Sagittal

Where left & right parietal bones meet (midline, top of skull)

Suture Squamous

Parietal meets temporal

Suture Lambdoid

Parietal bones meet occipital bone

How many vertebrae in cervical section?

7

How many vertebrae in Thoracic section?

12

How many vertebrae in Lumbar section?

5

Sacrum

5 fused bones

Coccyx

inferior to sacrum

Atlanto-axial joint

between C1 (atlas) and C2 (axis)

Thoracic Cage

Thoracic vertebrae (posterior) + ribs (lateral) + sternum (anterior) • Protects heart, lungs, trachea, esophagus

Bone Types

Long, short, flat, irregular, sesamoid

Appendicular Skeleton

bones of upper and lower limbs + girdles

Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle

Formed by scapula + clavicle • Attaches upper limb to axial skeleton

Upper Limb Bones

Humerus (arm) → radius & ulna (forearm) → carpals, metacarpals, phalanges (hand)

humerus

rounded head and distal condyles

Pelvic Girdle

Protects/supports pelvic viscera, technically referes only to the left and right ossa coxae

Adult pelvis

4 bones: sacrum, coccyx, right and left ossa coxae (hip bones)

Femur

thigh

leg

patella, tibia & fibula

foot

tarsals, metatarsals, phalanges

Synovial joints

articular cartilage, joint capsule, reinforcing ligaments, nerves/blood vessels,

synovial fluid

most mobile type

Fibrous joints

dense fibrous connective tissue, little/no movement (e.g., sutures)

Cartilaginous joints

connected by cartilage (e.g., intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis)

Functional classification:

synarthrosis (immovable), amphiarthrosis (slightly movable), diarthrosis (freely movable)

How many skeletal muscles in the body?

Over 700