AP Gov - Unit 4 Review

For my AP Gov Exam

4.1-2 | Conservatives

Political ideology favors limited government, free markets, and traditional values. Conservatives often prioritize personal responsibility and uphold existing social structures.

4.1-2 | Liberals

Political ideology that advocates for an active government role in economic regulation, social justice, and the protection of civil liberties. Liberals tend to prioritize equality and community welfare over individualism.

4.1-2 Core Beliefs | Individualism

The belief that individuals have the primary responsibility for their own well-being and success, emphasizing personal freedom and autonomy.

4.1-2 Core Beliefs | Free Enterprise

The economic system where private businesses operate with minimal government interference, emphasizing consumer choice and market freedom.

4.1-2 Core Beliefs | Limited Government

The principle that government power should be restricted to maintain individual freedoms, ensuring that interventions in personal and economic life are minimized.

4.1-2 Core Beliefs | Equal Opportunity

The principle that all individuals should have the same chance to succeed regardless of their background or circumstances, promoting fairness in access to resources and opportunities.

4.1-2 Core Beliefs | Rule of Law

The principle that every individual and institution, including the government, is subject to and accountable under the law. It ensures that laws are applied consistently and fairly, upholding justice and order.

4.2-4| Political Socialization Factors

Family, education, peers, media, community.

4.2-4| Generational Affect

The impact of a specific generation's unique experiences, events, and societal changes on their political beliefs and behaviors, influencing how they engage with politics over time.

4.2-4| Life Cycle Effect

The variation in political beliefs and behaviors that occur as individuals age, shaped by their personal experiences and life stages.

4.2-4| Political Events

Significant occurrences that influence public opinion and political behavior (e.g. 9/11)

4.5-6 | Poll

A method of measuring public opinion by asking people their views on various issues or candidates, typically through surveys or questionnaires.

4.5-6 Good Polling Methods | Neutral Questions

Questions that do not lead respondents towards a particular answer, allowing for unbiased responses.

4.5-6 Good Polling Methods | Margin of Error

A statistic that expresses the amount of random sampling error in a survey's results, indicating the range within which the true value lies.

4.5-6 Types of Polls | Opinion Polls

Measuring public opinion on various issues.

4.5-6 Types of Polls | Benchmark Polls

Polls conducted to measure public opinion at the beginning of a campaign, used for comparison with later polls.

4.5-6 Types of Polls | Tracking Polls

Polls that measure changes in public opinion over time by repeatedly asking the same questions.

4.5-6 Types of Polls | Entrance & Exit Polls

Polls conducted to measure voter opinions before and after they vote, respectively.

4.5-6 Polling Methods | Random Sampling

Techniques used in surveys, where each individual has an equal chance of being selected, ensuring a representative sample of the population.

4.5-6 Polling Methods | Stratified Sampling

A sampling method where the population is divided into demographics (strata) and random samples are taken from each strata to ensure representation of the entire population.

4.5-6 Polling Methods | Representative Sampling

A method of sampling that ensures each subgroup of the population is represented in the sample, reflecting the diversity of the entire population.

4.-65 Issues with Polls | Loaded Questions

Questions that are phrased to influence the respondent's answer, often leading to biased results.

4.5-6 Issues with Polls | Push Polling

A controversial polling technique designed to sway voters by presenting biased or misleading information under the guise of a survey.

4.5-6 Issues with Polls | Opinion Saliency

The person does not know or care about the issue.

4.7-8 | Policy Making

Recognition (public brings concern), Formation, Implementation, Evaluation (agencies evaluate effectiveness).

4.7-8 Ideologies and Politics | Valence Issues

Issues that are agreed upon by both parties, such as support for education and public safety.

4.7-8 Ideologies and Politics | Wedge Issues

Issues that create division between parties.

4.7-8 Ideologies and Politics | Saliency Issues

Issues that are important to specific groups or individuals.

4.7-8 Influence on Policies | Majoritarian policy

A policy that reflects the preferences of the majority of citizens, often leading to broad public support or approval.

4.7-8 Influence on Policies | Interests Groups

Organizations that advocate for specific policies or interests, influencing legislation and public opinion.

4.9-10 Ideologies and Economics | Fiscal Policy

Actions taken by Congress and the President to influence economic conditions.

4.9-10 Ideologies and Economics | Monetary Policy

The Federal Reserve’s action to promote maximum employment, stable prices, moderate long term interests rates.

4.9-10 Fiscal Policies | Keynesian Theory (Liberal)

The government can use monetary and fiscal policies to stabilize the economy and prevent recessions.

4.9-10 Fiscal Policies | Supply-Side Theory (Conserv.)

The government should create favorable business environments by cutting taxes and regulations.

4.9-10 Economic Ideologies | Democratic/Liberal

More regulation, government is a redistributive force, increase minimum wage, strengthen labor protections, increase government spending on social programs.

4.9-10 Economic Ideologies | Republican/Conserv.

Less regulation, Individual responsibility, reduce taxes and regulations, reduce welfare programs, cut government spending

4.9-10 Social Ideologies | Democratic/Liberal

The government should not regulate personal lives & privacy. Individuals should be free to make their own decisions about personal issues (not harming others).

4.9-10 Social Ideologies | Republican/Conserv.

Value individual freedom, Government should promote stability, order, and morals, Support regulations on personal behavior, Leave decisions to states.