Unit 4: AP Human Geography

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89 Terms

1
Devolution
Movement of power from the central government to the regional government within a state, caused by ethnocultural, economic, and spatial forces.
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2
Compact State
An efficient state shape with equal distance from center to edge, ideal for having the capital at the center. Examples include Poland, Hungary, Austria, Germany, and Bhutan.
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3
Elongated State
A state that is long and narrow, which can lead to potential isolation and poor internal communication. Examples include Chile, Malawi, Gambia, Panama, Italy, Norway, and Vietnam.
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4
Prorupted State
A compact state with a large projecting section, either to separate two states or provide access to resources. Examples include Thailand, Namibia (Caprivi Strip), and the Democratic Republic of Congo.
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5
Perforated State
A state that completely surrounds another state. Examples include Lesotho in South Africa and Vatican City surrounded by Italy.
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6
Fragmented State
A state that consists of several discontinuous pieces, separated by water or other states. Examples include Fiji, Indonesia, Russia, the UK, the US, France, and Australia (which has Tasmania as an exclave).
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7
Landlocked State
A state that lacks a direct outlet to the sea and is surrounded by other countries. Common examples include those in Africa, Belarus, Mongolia, Chad, and Paraguay.
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8
Gerrymandering
The practice of redrawing legislative boundaries to favor the party in power, which was declared illegal in 1985.
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9
Wasted Vote
A gerrymandering strategy that spreads opposition voters across districts so they are the minority.
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10
Excess Vote
A gerrymandering strategy that concentrates opposing voters into a few districts.
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11
Stacked Vote
A gerrymandering strategy that links areas of like-minded voters into oddly shaped boundaries.
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12
UNCLOS
The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, a treaty established in 1982.
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13
Nautical Mile
A unit of measurement equal to 1.15 land miles.
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14
Territorial Sea
The area extending 12 nautical miles from a state's coastline, where the state has rights for fishing and innocent passage.
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15
Contiguous Zone
The area extending 24 nautical miles from a state's coastline.
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16
Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)
The area extending 200 nautical miles from a state's coastline, where the state can explore and manage natural resources.
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17
High Seas
The waters beyond the Exclusive Economic Zone, which are open to all states.
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18
United Nations (UN)
An international organization created to promote world peace, which replaced the League of Nations.
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19
NATO
The North Atlantic Treaty Organization, a military alliance of 16 democratic states formed to prevent the spread of communism.
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20
Warsaw Pact
A military agreement among communist Eastern European countries to defend each other and provide the Soviets with allied states.
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21
European Union (EU)
An economic organization of 27 countries formed to promote development and remove trade barriers after World War II.
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22
COMECON
An economic organization that promoted trade and sharing of natural resources among 7 Eastern European communist states, plus Cuba, Mongolia, and Vietnam.
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23
ASEAN
Association of Southeast Asian Nations, includes Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, and Thailand, formed during the Vietnam War against communism.
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24
OPEC
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, consists of Middle Eastern countries that control oil production.
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25
NAFTA
North American Free Trade Agreement, which increased avocado consumption among Mexico, the US, and Canada.
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26
State
Area organized into a political unit and ruled by a government, has a permanent population, occupies a defined territory; Ex: largest - Russia, smallest - Monaco.
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27
Sovereignty
Inner affairs of a region are independent from control by other states.
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28
Nation
A group with a common culture.
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29
Nation-state
Population of a country is homogeneous; Ex: Denmark, Slovenia, Japan, Iceland.
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30
Stateless nation
Ethnic group without a state; Ex: Kurds in the Middle East.
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31
Microstate
Sovereign state with small population and land; Ex: Monaco.
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32
City-state
First states, made of towns and surrounding countryside, some with military power such as the Roman Empire; first arose in Mesopotamia.
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33
Self-determination
Concept that ethnicities have the right to govern themselves.
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34
Satellite states
States dominated by another state politically and economically.
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35
Multi-state nation
Nation that stretches across borders of states; Ex: North and South Korea.
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36
Multi-ethnic state
State with more than one ethnicity; Ex: US.
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37
Multinational state
Country with more than one ethnicity with self-determination; Ex: Russia's Caucasus region with the Azeris, Armenians, and Georgians.
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38
Decolonization
Colonial settlements become independent nations; Ex: 13 colonies.
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39
Colony
Territory legally tied to a state rather than being independent; Ex: Puerto Rico, not a part of Congress but is home to US citizens.
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40
Colonialism
Country establishes settlement to impose its politics, economy, and culture on that territory.
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41
Imperialism
Control of territory already occupied by another society.
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42
Ethnonationalism
Ethnicity wants its own sovereignty.
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43
Morphology
States geographical shape affects spatial cohesion and political viability; Ex: Chile is skinny.
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44
Berlin conference
1884-85, European nations claim Africa and created superimposed borders.
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45
Versailles peace conference
Leaders after WW1 redraw the map of Europe.
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46
Apartheid
Domination over a certain race, specifically black in South and Southwest Africa, now Namibia, from 1948-90.
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47
Cold war
Diplomatic, political, military rivalry between the US and Soviets from 1945-1991.
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48
Organic theory
Theory that states are born and they need nourishment and living space to survive.
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49
Heartland theory
Mackinder's theory from the early 1900s that the best base for world domination is the Eurasian heartland.
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50
Rimland theory
Spykman's theory from 1944 that the best base for global domination is the Eurasian rimland.
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51
Choke point
A geographical land feature such as a valley or waterway narrowing, causing a decrease in forces making their way through.
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52
Centripetal forces
Forces that bind or hold together; Ex: strong leadership, external threat, education, democracy, Russian language for the Soviet Union.
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53
Centrifugal forces
Forces that divide or tear a state, including devolutionary forces; Ex: culture/religious/linguistic differences.
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54
Democracy
System where citizens elect leaders and can run for office.
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55
Autocracy
Country run by ruler's interests.
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56
Anocracy
Political system that is not fully democratic, a mix of two.
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57
Unitary system
Centralized control, no local power, works best in nation states with less cultural differences, smaller states, ex: france, european countries, north korea, kenya, rwanda, china.
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58
Confederal systems
Less central power, lots of power to states, confederate states.
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59
Federal systems
Between unitary and confederal, ex: United states, canada, brazil, india, belgium.
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60
Reapportionment
Assigning representation based on population every census.
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61
Redistricting
Redrawing district boundaries so each district contains the same amount of people.
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62
Frontier
Zone no state exercises complete political control, rather than boundaries separating.
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63
Border conflicts
Positional, territorial, resource, functional.
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64
Shatterbelt
Distress bc of cultural/ethnic conflict, ex: israel, kashmir, east europe during cold war.
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65
Physical Boundaries
Desert (Sahara desert), mountain (himalayas india), water (rio grande R.).
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66
Cultural boundaries
Geometric (straight line drawn on map, canada and US border), religious, language, ethnic (england,france,portugal,spain boundaries, bc of language or religion), Ex: pakistan and india.
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67
Delimited boundary
States disagree about interpretation of documents that define a boundary, Ex: Argentina and Chile's borders on the Andes mountains, drawn on map to show limits of space.
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68
Antecedent boundary
Result of area becoming population and gaining value, existed before present settlement occurred and the culture arrived, Ex: US and canada, Ohio R.
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69
Subsequent boundary
Developed with the evolution of cultural change, Ex: irish catholic and protestant northern ireland, velvet divorce in Czechoslovakia.
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70
Open boundary
Boundary people can cross w/o obstacles, Ex: EU allows people to travel between member states.
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71
Natural boundary
Based on physical geography, Ex: rivers like Rio Grande.
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72
Militarized boundary
Heavily fortified boundaries, discouraged crossing of people, good, info.
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73
Superimposed boundary
Political, dividing ethnically similar population by a more powerful country, cause loss of culture, creation of new culture, migration, government change, ineffective governance, multi state nation, multinational state Ex: Kurds in Turkey, Iraq, Iran, and Africa in the Berlin Conference.
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74
Relic boundary
Historic boundary, no longer used/nonfunctional, Ex: berlin wall germany, great wall China.
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75
Defined boundary
Established by legal document, divides two entities, invisible line.
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76
Demarcated boundary
Identified on physical landscape, sign or complex system, ex: DMZ, berlin wall.
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77
Geometric boundary
Straight line, doesn't follow physical features, large-egypt and libya, small-suburbs.
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78
Irredentism
Country wants to annex similarly ethnic portion of another country, Ex: Hitler invading czechoslovakia, Somalia - ethiopia conflict over somalis, serbians in bosnia, kashmir region in india, reich trying to connect all german speaking people in europe.
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79
Allocational dispute
Disagree over resources at borders, Ex: iraq and Kuwait over rumaila oil field.
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80
Functional disputes
Disagree over policies applied along boundary, immigration, Ex: mexico border.
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81
Definitional boundary dispute
Two or more parties disagree on interpretation of legal doc or map, Ex: chile and argentina.
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82
Locational boundary dispute
Conflict over location or place of boundary, Ex: egypt and sudan.
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83
Operational boundary dispute
Conflict over operation, Ex: is migration allowed?, US and mexico.
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84
Enclaves
Country or part of a country surrounded by territory of another, Ex: lesotho.
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85
Exclaves
Part of the country is separated from the rest.
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86
Forward capital
Capital city positioned near the international border, confirms the state's determination to maintain presence.
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87
Geopolitics
Study of interplay between international political relations and environmental context.
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88
Supranationalism
3 or more countries form unions for economic, political or cultural reasons.
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89
Terrorism
Systematic use of violence to intimidate populations, Ex: 9-11, afghanistan and pakistan harbor al-qaeda terrorists.
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